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. 2016 Nov 1;5(11):475–485. doi: 10.1089/wound.2015.0683

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© Holly N. Wilkinson, et al., 2016 Published by Mary Ann Liebert, Inc.

This Open Access article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly credited.

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Figure 4. — ConA, Acridine Orange, and FISH stained images confirm the extent of biofilm removal. (A) P. aeruginosa biofilms stain for bacterial EPS (green; ConA) with prominent DAPI (blue) bacteria visible at the porcine wound surface. (B) Acridine Orange staining for bacteria (red/orange) at the surface layers of the porcine wounds, with green host tissue. (C) FISH of P. aeruginosa (red) from the treatments, including a positive (+ve) slide containing P. aeruginosa (red), Escherichia coli (green), and Klebsiella pneumoniae (yellow). Debridement reduces apparent biofilm mass with Debrisoft^® and Debrimitt^™ showing the most effective removal. (D) S. aureus biofilms exhibit DAPI stained bacterial mass (blue). (E) Acridine Orange staining for bacteria (red/orange) at the wound surface. (F) FISH of S. aureus (green) from the treatments, including a positive (+ve) slide containing S. aureus (green). S. aureus bacteria are prominent in nondebrided control samples, which substantially reduced following debridement, particularly following monofilament debridement treatments (Debrisoft^® and Debrimitt^™). Bar (A) = 12.7 μm. ConA, concanavalin A; DAPI, 4′,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole; EPS, extracellular polymeric substances; FISH, fluorescent in situ hybridization.