FIG. 4.

Spinal cord injury (SCI) mice display depressive-like behavior. (A) Sucrose preference (SP) test. The SP is calculated by divided consumption of sweetened water (0.5% saccharine) by total consumption of water (sweetened water plus plain water). The food preference also is calculated as a control to demonstrate that mice do not show a place preference. SCI mice showed significantly reduced sweet water consumption without a change in food consumption. (B) Tail-suspension test: SCI resulted in significantly increases in immobility times, compared with Sham group. (C) Forced swim test: Rodent develops depression-like status demonstrated by immobility in unescapable water cylinder. Depression-like effect is increased with the severity. n = 11–15/group. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001 vs. sham group.