Table 3.
Associations of socio demographic and clinical factors with patients’ delay among PTB patients, West Gojjam Zone, Ethiopia
| Variables | N | Delayed n (%)¶ |
Crude OR (95 % CI) |
P value | Adjusted OR (95 % CI) |
P value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sex | ||||||
| Male | 423 | 103 (24.3) | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
| Female | 283 | 91 (32.2) | 1.54 (1.09–2.19) | 0.01* | 1.25 (0.72–2.15) | 0.43 |
| Age | ||||||
| 15–24 | 197 | 39 (19.8) | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
| 25–44 | 291 | 77 (26.5) | 1.45 (0.93–2.28) | 0.09 | 2.27 (0.96–5.38) | 0.06 |
| ≥ 45 | 218 | 78 (35.8) | 2.30 (1.45–3.64) | < 0.001* | 2.99 (1.14–7.81) | 0.03* |
| Education | ||||||
| Literate | 295 | 55 (18.6) | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
| Not literate | 411 | 139 (33.8) | 2. 22 (1.54–3.21) | < 0.001* | 0.87 (0.44–1.72) | 0.69 |
| Occupation | ||||||
| Civil servant | 41 | 3 (7.3) | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
| Housewife | 39 | 14 (35.9) | 7.16 (1.82–28.08) | 0.01* | 1.04 (0.13–8.29) | 0.97 |
| Student | 76 | 18 (23.7) | 4.33 (1.16–16.06) | 0.03* | 1.09 (0.15–7.75) | 0.93 |
| Farmer | 327 | 102 (31.2) | 5.82 (1.73–19.61) | 0.01* | 0.87 (0.17–4.32) | 0.87 |
| Day laborer | 82 | 21 (25.6) | 4.46 (1.22–16.24) | 0.02* | 0.61 (0.98–3.78) | 0.59 |
| Merchant | 47 | 9 (19.1) | 2.97 (0.72–12.11) | 0.13 | 0.58 (0.90–3.74) | 0.57 |
| Others | 94 | 27 (28.7) | 5.46 (1.52–19.57) | 0.01* | 0.65 (0.99–4.33) | 0.66 |
| Marital status | ||||||
| Married | 386 | 109 (28.2) | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
| Single | 205 | 44 (21.5) | 0.72 (0.47–1.08) | 0.12 | 1.02 (0.44–2.33) | 0.96 |
| Divorced | 73 | 24 (32.9) | 1.27 (0.73–2.21) | 0.39 | 1.23 (0.52–2.88) | 0.64 |
| Widowed | 42 | 17 (40.5) | 1.92 (0.97–3.81) | 0.06 | 2.01 (0.68–5.90) | 0.20 |
| Place of residence | ||||||
| Urban | 271 | 59 (21.8) | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
| Rural | 435 | 135 (31.0) | 1.61 (1.11–2.33) | 0.01* | 1.60 (0.87–2.94) | 0.13 |
| Monthly family income (Birr) a | ||||||
| 1–400 | 109 | 30 (27.5) | 0.96 (0.57–1.63) | 0.91 | 0.82 (0.27–2.45) | 0.73 |
| 401–800 | 84 | 28 (33.3) | 1.22 (0.71–2.13) | 0.46 | 0.76 (0.23–2.56) | 0.66 |
| ≥ 801 | 264 | 67 (25.4) | 0.82 (0.54–1.24) | 0.36 | 0.61 (0.19–1.89) | 0.39 |
| No regular income | 249 | 69 (27.7) | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
| HIV sero-status | ||||||
| Negative | 616 | 169 (27.4) | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
| Positive | 82 | 24 (29.3) | 1.06 (0.63–1.79) | 0.82 | 0.76 (0.34–1.71) | 0.52 |
| knowledge about TB | ||||||
| Good | 351 | 58 (16.5) | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
| Poor | 355 | 136 (38.3) | 3.39 (2.33–4.95) | < 0.001* | 2.33 (1.34–4.05) | 0.01* |
| Perceived to be stigmatized | ||||||
| No | 618 | 167 (27.0) | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
| Yes | 88 | 27 (30.7) | 1.18 (0.71–1.98) | 0.51 | 1.37 (0.66–2.84) | 0.39 |
| Time travelled to arrive at the nearest health facility | ||||||
| ≤ 2 h | 671 | 181 (27.0) | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
| > 2 h | 35 | 13 (37.1) | 1.64 (0.78–3.43) | 0.18 | 0.65 (0.23–1.79) | 0.40 |
| First health care seeking action | ||||||
| Visited formal health provider | 433 | 24 (5.5) | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
| Visited non-formal health provider | 223 | 152 (68.2) | 39.73 (23.39–67.48) | < 0.001* | 47.56 (26.31–85.99) | < 0.001* |
| Self-treatment using various remedies at their homes | 50 | 18 (36.0) | 9.97 (4.79–20.76) | < 0.001* | 10.11 (4.53–22.56) | < 0.001* |
| Types of PTB | ||||||
| Smear -positive PTB | 334 | 84 (25.1) | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
| Smear -negative PTB | 372 | 110 (29.6) | 1.30 (0.93–1.84) | 0.13 | 1.32 (0.81–2.16) | 0.26 |
Estimated for random effect =0.384 (0.197–0 .746)
¶ Delayed more than 30 days, a 1 USD = 22.00 Ethiopian Birr *statistically significant association, PTB pulmonary tuberculosis, N number, OR odds ratio, CI confidence interval