Table 4.
Associations of sociodemographic and clinical factors with health system’s delay among PTB patients, West Gojjam Zone, Ethiopia
| Variables | N | Delayed a
n (%) |
Crude OR (95 % CI) |
P value | Adjusted OR (95 % CI) |
P value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sex | ||||||
| Male | 423 | 236 (55.8) | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
| Female | 283 | 158 (55.8) | 1.00 (0.72–1.39) | 0.99 | 1.11 (0.76–1.61) | 0.57 |
| Age | ||||||
| 15–24 | 197 | 110 (55.8) | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
| 25–44 | 291 | 162 (55.7) | 0.96 (0.64–1.42) | 0.85 | 0.85 (0.51–1.44) | 0.56 |
| ≥ 45 | 218 | 122 (56.0) | 1.03 (0.67–1.58) | 0.86 | 0.85 (0.47–1.53) | 0.58 |
| Education | ||||||
| Literate | 295 | 165 (55.9) | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
| Not literate | 411 | 229 (55.7) | 1.12 (0.81–1.57) | 0.47 | 1.25 (0.78–1.99) | 0.35 |
| Occupation | ||||||
| Civil servant | 41 | 25 (61.0) | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
| Housewife | 39 | 11 (28.2) | 0.21 (0.07–0.58) | 0.01* | 0.10 (0.02–0.40) | 0.01* |
| Student | 76 | 43 (56.6) | 0.77 (0.33–1.82) | 0.56 | 0.39 (0.11–1.35) | 0.14 |
| Farmer | 327 | 187 (57.2) | 0.89 (0.43–1.85) | 0.76 | 0.85 (0.35–2.04) | 0.73 |
| Day laborer | 82 | 47 (57.3) | 0.78 (0.34–1.81) | 0.57 | 0.53 (0.17–1.64) | 0.27 |
| Merchant | 47 | 22 (46.8) | 0.57 (0.22–1.46) | 0.24 | 0.91 (0.32–2.59) | 0.86 |
| Other | 94 | 59 (62.8) | 1.04 (0.45–2.38) | 0.92 | 0.62 (0.19–2.01) | 0.43 |
| Place of residence | ||||||
| Urban | 271 | 144 (53.1) | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
| Rural | 435 | 250 (57.5) | 1.38 (0.97–1.96) | 0.07 | 1.24 (0.80–1.93) | 0.33 |
| Monthly family income (Birr) b | ||||||
| 1–400 | 109 | 50 (45.9) | 0.69 (0.42–1.14) | 0.15 | 0.46 (0.18–1.03) | 0.06 |
| 401–800 | 84 | 43 (51.2) | 0.85 (0.49–1.47) | 0.57 | 0.47 (0.19–1.17) | 0.11 |
| ≥ 801 | 264 | 157 (59.5) | 1.15 (0.78–1.71) | 0.46 | 0.60 (0.25–1.42) | 0.25 |
| No regular income | 249 | 144 (57.8) | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
| HIV sero- status | ||||||
| Positive | 82 | 47 (57.3) | 1.05 (0.63–1.74) | 0.86 | 1.33 (0.72–2.46) | 0.35 |
| Negative | 616 | 342 (55.5) | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
| Time travelled to arrive at the nearest health facility | ||||||
| ≤ 2 h | 671 | 377 (56.2) | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
| > 2 h | 35 | 17 (48.6) | 0.85 (0.41–1.78) | 0.67 | 0.68 (0.31–1.51) | 0.35 |
| Formal health providers c | ||||||
| Private health facilities | 280 | 137 (48.9) | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
| Public health centers | 342 | 213 (62.3) | 2.00 (1.40–2.85) | < 0.001* | 2.22 (1.52–3.25) | < 0.001* |
| Public hospitals | 71 | 34 (47.9) | 0.86 (0.48–1.55) | 0.63 | 0.79 (0.43–1.48) | 0.47 |
| Health posts | 13 | 10 (76.9) | 4.75 (1.17–19.27) | 0.03* | 5.86 (1.40–24.39) | 0.02* |
| Forms of PTB | ||||||
| Smear-positive PTB | 334 | 166 (49.7) | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
| Smear-negative PTB | 372 | 228 (61.3) | 1.64 (1.18–2.27) | 0.01* | 1.88 (1.32–2.68) | < 0.001* |
Estimated for random effect = 0.702 (0 .337, 0.965)
a Delayed more than 15 days, OR odds ratio, CI confidence interval
b 1 USD = 22.00 Ethiopian Birr *statistically significant association, PTB pulmonary tuberculosis
c Types of formal-health providers where all patients made their first consultation