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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2017 Nov 1.
Published in final edited form as: Metab Eng. 2016 Aug 9;38:191–203. doi: 10.1016/j.ymben.2016.08.003

Fig. 1.

Fig. 1

(1.5 column) Engineered pathway for de novo production of diverse methylxanthines. Yellow: changes to central metabolism. Pink: major caffeine biosynthetic pathway from plants. Blue: minor pathway engineered in S. cerevisiae. Enzymes are abbreviated in red: 5′-NT, 5′-nucleotidase; XPT, xanthine phosphoribosyltransferase; NS, nucleosidase; XMT, xanthosine N-methyltransferase; TS, theobromine synthase; N3MT, N3-methyltransferase; CS, caffeine synthase; N1MT, N1-methyltransferase. Gray: Xanthine ring numbering.