Table 1.
Demographic, Psychological, and Risk Behavior Characteristics of Rural Drug Users Meeting and Not Meeting DSM-IV ASPD Criteria (N = 503)
| Overall n (%) | ASPD (n = 158) % (95% CI)a | No ASPD (n = 345) % (95% CI)a | OR (95% CI) | P | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Demographic Characteristics | |||||
| Male gender | 286 (56.9) | 63.3 (55.7 – 70.9) | 53.9 (48.6 – 59.2) | 1.68 (1.09 – 2.58) | .020* |
| Median age (IQR) | 31 (26-38) | 29.7 (23.4-36.2) | 31.6 (26.3-38.6) | 0.97 (0.95 – 1.00) | .022* |
| White race | 474 (94.2) | 93.7 (89.8 – 97.5) | 94.5 (92.1 – 96.9) | 1.16 (0.48 – 2.78) | .747 |
| Heterosexual orientation | 459 (91.3) | 88.0 (82.8 – 93.1) | 92.8 (90.0 – 95.5) | 0.46 (0.23 – 0.93) | .030* |
| Median years of education (IQR)b | 12 (10-13) | 11.7 (8.5-12.3) | 11.8 (10.8-13.0) | 0.87 (0.79 – 0.95) | .003* |
| Median monthly income, in $ (IQR) | 677 (300-1200) | 654.2 (278.4-1344.8) | 673.4 (245.4-997.0) | 1.00 (1.00 – 1.00) | .221 |
| Ever incarcerated | 402 (79.9) | 89.9 (85.1-94.6) | 75.4 (70.8-79.9) | 2.56 (1.37 – 4.77) | .003* |
| DSM-IV psychological comorbidity | |||||
| Major Depressive Disorder | 131 (26.0) | 34.2 (26.7-41.7) | 22.3 (17.9-26.7) | 1.80 (1.13 – 2.85) | .013* |
| Generalized Anxiety Disorder | 146 (29.0) | 36.7 (29.1-44.3) | 25.5 (20.9-30.1) | 1.74 (1.11 – 2.75) | .017* |
| Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder | 71 (14.1) | 22.8 (16.2-29.4) | 10.1 (6.9-13.3) | 2.27 (1.26 – 4.07) | .006* |
| Recent (past 30 day) substance use | |||||
| Alcohol | 276 (54.9) | 64.6 (57.0-72.1) | 50.4 (45.1-55.7) | 1.59 (1.03 – 2.45) | .036* |
| Heroin | 22 (4.4) | 8.2 (3.9-12.6) | 2.6 (0.9-4.3) | 5.21 (2.05 – 13.26) | .001* |
| Illegal Methadone | 306 (60.8) | 60.1 (52.4-67.8) | 61.2 (56.0-66.3) | 0.88 (0.57 – 1.36) | .568 |
| Legal Methadone | 14 (2.8) | 2.5 (0.1-5.0) | 2.9 (1.1-4.7) | 0.88 (0.26 – 3.00) | .839 |
| Oxycontin | 351 (69.8) | 73.4 (66.5-80.4) | 68.1 (63.2-75.1) | 1.50 (0.93 – 2.41) | .094 |
| Oxycodone | 364 (72.4) | 75.9 (69.2-82.7) | 70.7 (65.9-75.6) | 1.32 (0.81 – 2.13) | .263 |
| Benzodiazepine | 241 (47.9) | 55.7 (47.9-63.5) | 44.3 (39.1-49.6) | 1.43 (0.94 – 2.19) | .099 |
| Hydrocodone | 283 (56.3) | 65.2 (57.7-72.7) | 52.2 (46.9-57.5) | 1.68 (1.09 – 2.59) | .020* |
| Cocaine (powder or crack) | 122 (24.3) | 31.0 (23.7-38.3) | 21.2 (16.8-25.5) | 1.81 (1.13 – 2.89) | .013* |
| Powder Cocaine | 113 (22.5) | 27.8 (20.8-34.9) | 20.0 (15.8-24.2) | 1.66 (1.03 – 2.69) | .040* |
| Crack Cocaine | 57 (11.3) | 19.0 (12.8-25.2) | 7.8 (5.0-10.7) | 2.51 (1.35 – 4.65) | .004* |
| Methamphetamine | 17 (3.4) | 5.7 (2.0-9.3) | 2.3 (0.7-3.9) | 2.71 (0.94 – 7.80) | .065 |
| Marijuana | 308 (61.2) | 69.0 (61.7-76.3) | 57.7 (52.4-62.9) | 1.56 (1.00 – 2.43) | .050* |
| Injection drug use (past 30 days) | |||||
| Currently injecting | 242 (48.1) | 53.2 (45.3-61.0) | 45.8 (40.5-51.1) | 1.74 (1.14 – 2.65) | .011* |
| Syringe sharingc | 84 (16.7) | 20.9 (14.5-27.3) | 14.8 (11.0-18.5) | 1.71 (1.00 – 2.92) | .051 |
| Sexual behavior (past 30 days) | |||||
| Median number of unprotected sex acts (IQR) | 10 (2-27) | 10.7 (2.0-29.1) | 9.5 (1.2-24.7) | 1.01 (1.00 – 1.02) | .213 |
| Median number of sexual partners (IQR) | 1 (0-1) | 0.4 (0.0-0.9) | 0.1 (0.0-0.6) | 1.44 (1.11 – 1.86) | .001* |
| Blood-borne infection | |||||
| HCV | 222 (44.1) | 41.1 (33.4-48.9) | 45.5 (40.2-50.8) | 1.01 (0.66 – 1.55) | .970 |
| HSV2 | 59 (11.7) | 10.1 (5.4-14.9) | 12.5 (9.0-16.0) | 0.65 (0.32 – 1.32) | .237 |
| HIV | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | -- | -- |
ASPD: meeting DSM-IV criteria for antisocial personality disorder; No ASPD: not meeting DSM-IV criteria for anti-social personality disorder; OR: bivariate odds ratio; CI: 95% Wald confidence interval; IQR: interquartile range.
a
Corresponds to the estimated population proportion.
b
Includes formal and technical education.
c
Receptive or distributive.
*
Significant at α = .05.