Fig. 5. Quantitative analysis of plasma DNA in 5,443 healthy adults and 200 trauma patients by the duplex real time PCR assay with internal standard. (A) The histogram shows a positively skewed distribution of populations in the different levels of plasma DNA. (B) Box-plots of plasma DNA in healthy adults and trauma patients with different genders shows the reference intervals of plasma DNA concentration are 0-45.8 ng/mL and 0-52.5 ng/mL for healthy females and males, respectively, and the plasma DNA concentrations of most trauma patients (96%) are higher than the upper reference ranges. (C) A statistically significant positive correlation is revealed between plasma DNA concentrations in trauma patients with their ISS values (Spearman rank correlation test, R²=0.916, P<0.0001).