Table 1. Baseline demographic and laboratory characteristics of participants.
| Baseline characteristics | Normal glucose tolerance (N = 14) | Pre-diabetes (N = 41) | T2DM (N = 160) | P values |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Demographics | ||||
| Age (yr) | 48.2 ± 15.0 | 53.2 ± 12.4 | 55.4 ± 12.4 | 0.078 |
| Men, n (%) | 7 (53.3) | 20 (47.6) | 88 (54.7) | 0.715 |
| Duration of diabetes (yr) | 5.80 ± 6.60 | |||
| Antidiabetic drug use | ||||
| No, n (%) | 66 (41.3) | |||
| Metformin, n (%) | 64 (40.0) | |||
| Insulin, n (%) | 14 (8.8) | |||
| Glycemic indices | ||||
| Basal glucose (mmol/L) | 5.14 (4.96-5.29) | 6.00 (5.58-6.53) | 7.92 (6.79-10.1) | < 0.001 |
| Stimulated glucose (mmol/L) | 6.44 (5.15-6.89) | 7.78 (6.53-8.72) | 12.0 (9.65-14.3) | < 0.001 |
| Glycated albumin (%) | 13.1 (12.2-14.0) | 14.0 (13.0-15.3) | 19.0 (16.0-24.0) | < 0.001 |
| HbA1C (%) | 5.60 (5.50-5.83) | 5.80 (5.63-6.00) | 7.45 (6.70-9.00) | < 0.001 |
| HbA1C (mmol/mol) | 37.7 (36.6-40.2) | 39.9 (38.0-42.1) | 57.9 (49.7-74.9) | < 0.001 |
| Urinary glycemic indices | ||||
| Overnight 8-hr UGE (mg) | 35.0 (21.7-63.8) | 35.6 (22.7-84.6) | 653.4 (53.6-9136.5) | < 0.001 |
| Overnight 8-hr UGCR (mg/mg) | 0.06 (0.04-0.08) | 0.07 (0.05-0.16) | 1.37 (0.10-21.4) | < 0.001 |
| M-UGCR (mg/mg) | 0.05 (0.04-0.07) | 0.06 (0.04-0.08) | 0.16 (0.07-8.01) | < 0.001 |
| Insulin secretory/resistant indices | ||||
| Basal insulin (pmol/L) | 28.3 (21.0-46.2) | 36.5 (30.0-73.4) | 43.1 (28.9-71.4) | 0.102 |
| Stimulated insulin (pmol/L) | 125.7 (88.1-302.2) | 241.6 (153.5-310.3) | 174.9 (108.5-306.4) | 0.072 |
| Basal C-peptide (nmol/L) | 0.55 (0.43-0.72) | 0.67 (0.53-0.91) | 0.72 (0.55-0.99) | 0.056 |
| Stimulated C-peptide (nmol/L) | 1.36 (1.00-2.26) | 1.81 (1.53-2.28) | 1.50 (1.18-2.13) | 0.049 |
| ∆Insulin (pmol/L) | 105.3 (63.8-268.5) | 188.6 (116.9-240.4) | 118.6 (68.0-238.2) | 0.052 |
| ∆C-peptide (nmol/L) | 0.86 (0.55-1.54) | 1.10 (0.89-1.56) | 0.77 (0.45-1.34) | 0.011 |
| PCGR | 3.76 (2.92-5.58) | 3.99 (3.33-5.41) | 2.23 (1.36-3.54) | < 0.001 |
| HOMA-IR | 1.06 (0.82-1.72) | 1.76 (1.31-3.38) | 2.76 (1.68-5.09) | < 0.001 |
| HOMA-β | 64.8 (45.5-101.2) | 52.9 (38.2-86.8) | 31.9 (20.9-54.8) | < 0.001 |
| Renal function indices | ||||
| Creatinine (µmol/L) | 67.2 (56.1-84.6) | 69.0 (52.6-80.4) | 65.4 (54.8-74.0) | 0.381 |
| eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m2) | 100.3 ± 12.5 | 97.7 ± 14.9 | 98.3 ± 14.8 | 0.834 |
Continuous variables were described as mean±SD for parametric variables and median (interquartile range) for nonparametric variables.
Abbreviations: T2DM, type 2 diabetes mellitus; HbA1c, glycated hemoglobin; UGE, urinary glucose excretion; UGCR, urinary glucose-to-creatinine ratio; M-UGCR, first-voided morning spot UGCR; PCGR, postprandial C-peptide-to-glucose ratio; HOMA-IR, homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance; HOMA-β, homeostatic model assessment of pancreatic β-cell function; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate.