Table 4. Multiple linear regression models for overnight 8-hr UGE or M-UGCR in T2DM.

Variables	Model 1 (Clinico-biochemical parameters)				Model 2 (Insulin related parameters)
	Overnight 8-hr UGE		M-UGCR		Overnight 8-hr UGE		M-UGCR
	STD β	P	STD β	P	STD β	P	STD β	P
Demographics
Sex, female	-0.184	0.001			-	-	-	-
Glycemic indices
Basal glucose (mmol/L)			0.281	0.005	-	-	-	-
Stimulated glucose (mmol/L)	0.369	< 0.001	0.161	0.094	-	-	-	-
GA (%)	0.380	< 0.001	0.348	< 0.001	-	-	-
Insulin secretory/resistant indices
PCGR	-	-	-	-	-0.447	< 0.001	-0.458	< 0.001
HOMA-IR	-	-	-	-	0.419	< 0.001	0.490	< 0.001
HOMA-β	-	-	-	-	-0.331	0.001	-0.378	< 0.001
Renal function indices
eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m2)	0.122	0.036	0.153	0.006	-	-	-	-

Logarithm-transformed values of overnight 8-hr UGE and M-UGCR were used for analysis.

Model 1: adjusted for age, sex, duration of diabetes, basal glucose, stimulated glucose, GA, HbA_1c, and eGFR.

Model 2: adjusted for PCGR, ΔInsulin, ΔC-peptide, HOMA-IR, and HOMA-β.

Bold values indicate statistical significance.

Abbreviations: T2DM, type 2 diabetes mellitus; UGE, urinary glucose excretion; M-UGCR, first-voided morning spot urinary glucose-to-creatinine ratio; STD, standardized; PCGR, postprandial C-peptide-to-glucose ratio; GA, glycated albumin; HOMA-IR, homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance; HOMA-β, homeostatic model assessment of pancreatic β-cell function; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; HbA_1c, glycated hemoglobin.