Table 4. Changes in abdominal fat areas in subjects classified as non-MS by computed tomography in the GCL2505-supplemented (N=59) and placebo (N=54) groups during the treatment period.

			Treatment period						Time × group a
			0 week		8 weeks		12 weeks
			Mean	95% CI	Mean	95% CI	Mean	95% CI
VFA (cm2)	Actual values	GCL2505	131.6	123.7, 139.5	125.4	117.2, 133.5	125.2	117.3, 133.0	0.001
		Placebo	120.2	113.9, 126.6	121.5	114.3, 128.7	122.4	115.7, 129.2
	Change from 0 week	GCL2505	-		−7.0##	−10.9, −3.1	−6.4##	−10.2, −2.7
		Placebo	-		1.2	−2.6, 5.1	2.2	−1.0, 5.4
SFA (cm2)	Actual values	GCL2505	217.5	203.1, 232.0	216.6	202.5, 230.8	217.0	202.6, 231.3	0.497
		Placebo	227.6	216.1, 239.0	223.6	211.4, 235.9	227.0	214.6, 239.3
	Change from 0 week	GCL2505	-		−1.2	−5.1, 2.7	−0.6	−5.1, 3.9
		Placebo	-		−3.9	−8.4, 0.5	−0.6	−4.9, 3.7
TFA (cm2)	Actual values	GCL2505	349.2	333.7, 364.6	342.0	326.6, 357.4	342.1	326.7, 357.6	0.108
		Placebo	347.8	335.4, 360.2	345.1	331.3, 358.9	349.4	335.5, 363.3
	Change from 0 week	GCL2505	-		−8.2	−13.8, −2.6	−7.0	−13.4, −0.7
		Placebo	-		−2.7	−9.1, 3.7	1.6	−4.3, 7.5

Non-MS was defined as subjects without metabolic syndrome having high visceral fat area (≥100 cm²) and two or more of the following criteria: 1) triglyceride ≥150 mg and/or HDL-cholesterol <40 mg/dl, 2) fasting blood glucose ≥110 mg/dl and 3) systolic blood pressure ≥130 mmHg and/or diastolic blood pressure ≥85 mmHg.

Values are means and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). VFA: visceral fat area; SFA: subcutaneous fat area; TFA: total fat area.

There was a significant difference between the groups, as determined using an unpaired t-test with Bonferroni correction. ^##p<0.01.

^ap-value represented as a group-by-time interaction effect by two-factor repeated-measures ANOVA using actual values.