Table 1.
Demographics, clinical, imaging, and neuropsychological characteristics of the cohort.
| Demographics and clinical characteristics | |
|---|---|
| Number of patients | 31 |
| Gender (male/female) | 10/21 |
| Age (years) | 42.4 (8.7) |
| Disease duration (years) | 11.9 (8.0) |
| Clinical course (CIS/RRMS/SPMS) | 1/20/10 |
| EDSS (median, range) | 2.5 (1–8) |
| Conventional imaging characteristics | |
|---|---|
| Cortical thickness (mm) | 2.41 (0.12) |
| WM LV (mm3) | 5060 (6414) |
| Neuropsychological performance | ||
|---|---|---|
| Raw score | Z score | |
| Information processing speed | ||
| SDMT | 53 (15) | − 0.6 (1.5) |
| TMT A | 35 (17) | − 0.6 (1.7) |
| Learning-recall ability | ||
| CVLT - TOT | 53 (12.4) | 0.3 (1.4) |
| CVLT - LDFR | 12.1 (3.6) | 0.2 (1.2) |
| CVLT - LDCR | 13 (3.1) | 0.2 (1.1) |
| BVMT - TOT | 25 (7) | − 0.1 (1.3) |
| BVMT - DR | 9.1 (2.8) | − 0.1 (1.5) |
| Executive function | ||
| TMT B | 84 (50) | − 1.7 (3.3) |
| WCST - total errors | 18 (9) | − 0.6 (1) |
| WCST - total perseverations | 10 (5) | − 0.9 (0.8) |
| Working memory | ||
| DF | 8.3 (2.5) | − 0.1 (0.1)a |
| DB | 7 (3.1) | |
| Visuo-spatial function | ||
| JLOT | 12 (2) | − 0.1 (1.1) |
| Number of patients with Z < − 1.5 for at least one test | 19 (1 CIS, 9 RR, 9 SP MS) | |
| Number of patients with Z < − 1.5 for at least two tests | 14 (6 RR, 8 SP MS) | |
| Number of patients with Z < − 2 for at least one test | 15 (8 RR, 7 SP MS) | |
| Number of patients with Z < − 2 for at least two tests | 11 (4 RR, 7 SP MS) | |
Results are expressed as mean (standard deviation), except for EDSS.
EDSS: expanded disability status scale; WM LV: white matter lesion volume; SDMT: symbol digit modalities test; BVMT - TOT: brief visuospatial memory test total recall; BVMT - DR: brief visuospatial memory test delayed recall; TMT: trail making test; DF: digit span forward; DB: digit span backward; JLOT: judgment of line orientation test; WCST: Wisconsin card sorting test; CVLT - TOT: California verbal learning test total recall; LDFR: long delayed free recall; LDCR: long delayed cued recall.
Combined Z-score from the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale comprising digit span. Z scores are calculated from normative data of the literature, corrected for age, sex and education as appropriate.