Table 1. Demographic and clinical characteristics of the three subject groups.
| PD without VHs (n = 16) Mean (SD) | PD with minor VHs (n = 18) Mean (SD) | Healthy controls (n = 17) Mean (SD) | p value | Post-hoc test | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Demographics | |||||
| Gender (female/male) | 4/12 | 7/11 | 7/10 | ||
| Age (y) | 62.69 (4.09) | 63.50 (5.94) | 62.76 (4.19) | 0.86 | NA |
| Educational level (y of full-time education) | 13.38 (4.19) | 12.44 (3.33) | 13.76 (1.92) | 0.47 | NA |
| Clinical characteristics | |||||
| Disease duration (y) | 8.00 (5.74) | 9.06 (4.11) | NA | 0.54 | NA |
| MDS-UPDRS3 score | 21.81 (7.93) | 25 (8.44) | NA | 0.27 | NA |
| Hoehn & Yahr stage (Median; first-third quartile) | 2;2–2 | 2;2–2 | NA | 0.09 | NA |
| Side of onset | 9 R/5 L+2 undefined | 10 R/6 L + 2 undefined | NA | ||
| UM-PDHQ visual modality | NA | 5.78 (2.07) | NA | ||
| VH frequency (0 to 20 on a visual analog scale) | NA | 3.05 (1.99) | NA | ||
| VH severity (0 to 20 on a visual analogue scale) | NA | 1.56 (2.17) | NA | ||
| Medication | |||||
| LEDD (mg/day) | 804.25 (297.39) | 859.72 (411.08) | NA | 0.66 | NA |
| Agonist-LEDD (mg/day) | 184.71 (182.49) | 166.83 (117.78) | NA | 0.58 | NA |
| Neuropsychiatric | |||||
| Hamilton Depression Rating Scale | 3.06 (2.88) | 3.56 (2.99) | 1.12 (1.45) | 0.02 | 2≠3 |
| Score on the PAS: persistent anxiety | 2.81 (3.60) | 5.28 (5.57) | 1.35 (2.06) | 0.02 | 2≠3 |
| Score on the PAS: episodic anxiety | 0.31 (0.60) | 0.83 (1.58) | 0.00 (0.00) | 0.05 | |
| Score on the PAS: avoidance | 1.00 (1.55) | 1.00 (1.64) | 0.06 (0.24) | 0.06 | NA |
| Lille Apathy Rating Scale | −27.13 (4.95) | −26.56 (3.48) | −28.35 (4.47) | 0.46 | NA |
| Visual detection threshold (ms) | 163.38 129.72 | 175.17 124.12 | 69.29 55.99 | 0.01 | 1≠3; 2≠3 |
| Overall efficiency | |||||
| Mini Mental State Examination (out of 30) | 28.88 1.20 | 28.00 1.24 | 28.47 1.70 | 0.20 | NA |
| Mattis Dementia Rating Scale (out of 144) | 140.44 3.22 | 140.33 2.38 | 142.06 1.71 | 0.09 | NA |
| Attention/Working memory | |||||
| WAIS-R forward digit span | 6.06 0.99 | 5.67 0.91 | 5.47 1.07 | 0.22 | NA |
| WAIS-R backward digit span | 4.31 0.70 | 4.22 0.94 | 4.35 0.93 | 0.90 | NA |
| SDMT: number in 90 sec | 48.38 9.74 | 41.39 12.05 | 47.06 5.39 | 0.08 | NA |
| Episodic Memory | |||||
| HVLT Learn1 (out of 12) | 6.50 1.93 | 6.11 2.32 | 7.18 1.91 | 0.32 | NA |
| HVLT Learn total (out of 36) | 26.63 4.18 | 25.17 5.08 | 28.82 3.92 | 0.06 | NA |
| HVLT long-term retention (%) | 92.20 12.27 | 95.91 11.26 | 96.84 6.24 | 0.37 | NA |
| HVLT recognition hits (out of 12) | 11.69 0.48 | 11.50 0.79 | 11.76 0.44 | 0.41 | NA |
| HVLT number of intrusions | 1.81 1.28 | 2.22 2.84 | 1.59 2.69 | 0.73 | NA |
| Executive functions | |||||
| Trail Making Test (time B/time A) | 2.48 0.64 | 3.58 1.14 | 3.85 1.44 | <0.01 | 1 ≠ 2; 1 ≠ 3 |
| Stroop: interference index | 1.64 0.40 | 1.79 0.30 | 1.78 0.27 | 0.31 | NA |
| Stroop: errors | 0.87 0.96 | 2.78 3.17 | 1.00 1.50 | 0.02 | 1≠2 |
| Phonemic fluency: naming in 60 sec. | 14.75 3.57 | 16.61 5.24 | 16.71 3.79 | 0.35 | NA |
| Alternating fluency: naming in 60 sec | 13.31 3.07 | 13.11 3.50 | 13.94 3.29 | 0.74 | NA |
| language | |||||
| Boston naming test (out of 15) | 12.94 1.57 | 12.44 1.46 | 13.35 1.54 | 0.22 | NA |
| Animal naming in 60 sec | 20.88 4.69 | 20.22 3.77 | 20.71 3.27 | 0.88 | NA |
| Visuospatial functions | |||||
| Judgment of line orientation (out of 15) | 13.31 2.24 | 12.28 1.45 | 13.41 1.12 | 0.09 | NA |
| Visuoconstruction (out of 12) | 11.06 1.12 | 11.33 1.08 | 10.71 0.69 | 0.18 | NA |
VH: visual hallucination; MDS UPDRS3: Movement Disorders Society sponsored revision of the Unified Parkinson’s Disease Rating Scale-Part III (severity of motor symptoms); UM-PDHQ: University of Miami Parkinson’s Disease Hallucination Questionnaire; LEDD: levodopa equivalent daily dose; PAS: Parkinson Anxiety Scale; WAIS-R: Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-Revised; SDMT: symbol digit modalities test; HVLT: Hopkins Verbal Learning Test; NA: not applicable.