Table 2.
Participants’ reported frequency of specific food items at baseline.
| Total (n = 3135) | Rural (n = 2430) | Urban (n = 705) | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Category | Food | Mean (SD) | Frequencya Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | P b |
| Healthy foods | Whole grain bread | 3.74 (1.55) | 3.68 (1.56) | 3.94 (1.47) | <.001 |
| Fruit | 3.74 (1.38) | 3.70 (1.37) | 3.89 (1.38) | .001 | |
| Green leafy salad | 3.26 (1.30) | 3.24 (1.29) | 3.36 (1.33) | .025 | |
| Cooked dried beans | 2.23 (1.06) | 2.19 (1.04) | 2.38 (1.13) | <.001 | |
| Fish, chicken, game | 3.45 (1.13) | 3.41 (1.14) | 3.62 (1.05) | <.001 | |
| Vegetables | 3.98 (1.26) | 3.95 (1.27) | 4.07 (1.23) | .025 | |
| Mean score | 3.40 (0.82) | 3.36 (0.81) | 3.55 (0.82) | <.001 | |
| Unhealthy foods | Bacon or sausage | 2.53 (1.13) | 2.57 (1.12) | 2.40 (1.13) | <.001 |
| Processed meat | 2.77 (1.26) | 2.79 (1.24) | 2.69 (1.33) | .048 | |
| Bread from processed flour | 3.23 (1.52) | 3.28 (1.51) | 3.07 (1.55) | .002 | |
| Fry bread or other fried pastries | 1.83 (1.03) | 1.85 (1.03) | 1.78 (1.02) | .120 | |
| Baked goods | 2.57 (1.24) | 2.55 (1.23) | 2.62 (1.27) | .251 | |
| Regular soft drinks/pop/soda | 3.13 (1.87) | 3.16 (1.86) | 3.03 (1.87) | .133 | |
| 100% fruit juice | 2.86 (1.52) | 2.85 (1.51) | 2.91 (1.53) | .350 | |
| Add sugar/creamer to coffee or tea | 3.51 (2.05) | 3.48 (2.05) | 3.61 (2.05) | .137 | |
| Regular fat salad dressing or mayonnaise | 2.94 (1.35) | 2.92 (1.33) | 3.04 (1.42) | .030 | |
| French fries or fried potatoes | 2.94 (1.16) | 2.97 (1.15) | 2.86 (1.21) | .038 | |
| Red meat | 3.43 (1.33) | 3.40 (1.34) | 3.55 (1.32) | .010 | |
| Fast food | 2.97 (1.22) | 2.98 (1.21) | 2.93 (1.25) | .404 | |
| Mean score | 2.89 (0.73) | 2.89 (0.73) | 2.87 (0.74) | .402 | |
| Undetermined items | Cereals | 3.11 (1.44) | 3.08 (1.44) | 3.20 (1.44) | .064 |
| Regular coffee and/or tea | 4.35 (1.82) | 4.35 (1.81) | 4.34 (1.85) | .926 | |
| Other white potatoes | 2.90 (1.11) | 2.90 (1.10) | 2.89 (1.15) | .748 | |
| Pasta | 3.26 (1.09) | 3.24 (1.08) | 3.30 (1.09) | .226 | |
| Nuts or seeds | 2.57 (1.36) | 2.54 (1.34) | 2.69 (1.42) | .009 | |
| Snacks | 3.25 (1.33) | 3.24 (1.33) | 3.30 (1.35) | .291 | |
| Soups or stews | 1.82 (1.02) | 1.83 (1.01) | 1.79 (1.08) | .467 | |
| Milk | 3.50 (1.60) | 3.50 (1.59) | 3.48 (1.62) | .685 | |
| Foods traditional to tribe | 1.90 (1.20) | 1.95 (1.22) | 1.72 (1.13) | <.001 | |
| Mean score | 2.97 (0.66) | 2.96 (0.65) | 2.98 (0.67) | .652 |
a
The frequency for each type of food was reported as: 1, less than once a month; 2, 1–3 times a month; 3, about once a week; 4, 2–3 times per week; 5, about once a day; and 6, more than once a day.
b
P-values for two sample t-tests comparing the food frequencies between urban and rural participants.