Table 1.
Results of the model on average species richness and abundance (all species) of butterflies monitored in gardens in France, 2006–2012
| Average species richness | Average total abundance | |
|---|---|---|
| Garden area | ***> | ***> |
| Garden naturalness | ||
| Garden nectar offer | ***> | |
| Pesticides use | ***< | ***< |
| Nettles | ***> | ***> |
| Pelargonium | ***< | |
| Brassicaceae | ***> | ***> |
| Urbanization | ***< | ***< |
| Natural habitat | ||
| Area × naturalness | ||
| Area × nectar | **< | *< |
| Area × pesticides | ||
| Urbanization × area | *> | |
| Natural habitat × area | *< | |
| Urbanization × Naturalness | ||
| Urbanization × Nectar offer | ||
| Urbanization × pesticides | ||
| Natural habitat × Naturalness | *> | |
| Natural habitat × Nectar offer | ||
| Natural habitat × Pesticides |
“<” and “>” denote negative and positive effects, respectively, and asterisks, the associated p‐value, *p < .05, **p < .01; ***p < .001.