Fig. 3. Effects of single or combined injury on astrogliosis. The optical densities representing glia scarring were the strongest in the combined injury model among the control (CON), chemical (KA), mechanical (S), or combined injury (S/K) models and glial scarring in the S/K-induced injury model was the most intense at post-treatment 48 hours. Values are presented as mean±standard deviation. GFAP, glial fibrillary acidic protein; CSPG, chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan; ROCK, rho-associated protein kinase; KA, kainate; S, scratch; S/K, scratch/kainate. ^*p<0.001 vs. CON; n=3–6.