Table 3.
Anthocyanin concentration in berry skins (μmol g−1 dry weight) of east- and west-exposed clusters under sustained deficit irrigation (SDI) and regulated deficit irrigation (RDI) along the berry development and during the seasons of 2013 and 2014.
| Véraison | Mid-ripening | Full maturation | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| SDIE | SDIW | RDIE | RDIW | SDIE | SDIW | RDIE | RDIW | SDIE | SDIW | RDIE | RDIW | ||
| ANTHOCYANINS (μmol g−1DW) | |||||||||||||
| Delphinidin-3-O-glucoside | 2013 | 1.07 ± 0.04 | 1.17 ± 0.07 | 2.44 ± 0.20 | 0.86 ± 0.03 | nd | nd | nd | nd | 4.67 ± 0.42 | 3.28 ± 0.17 | 5.02 ± 0.18 | 3.77 ± 0.10 |
| 2014 | 1.34 ± 0.05 | 0.56 ± 0.05 | 1.30 ± 0.09 | 1.08 ± 0.43 | 5.78 ± 0.52 | 3.43 ± 0.11 | 4.46 ± 0.84 | 3.54 ± 0.24 | 7.60 ± 0.35 | 8.58 ± 0.14 | 5.17 ± 1.03 | 6.23 ± 0.49 | |
| Cyanidin-3-O-glucoside | 2013 | 0.36 ± 0.01 | 0.33 ± 0.01 | 0.74 ± 0.02 | 0.31 ± 0.03 | nd | nd | nd | nd | 0.58 ± 0.03 | 0.39 ± 0.03 | 0.87 ± 0.04 | 0.68 ± 0.02 |
| 2014 | 0.30 ± 0.01 | 0.12 ± 0.02 | 0.32 ± 0.04 | 0.28 ± 0.02 | 0.80 ± 0.08 | 0.48 ± 0.01 | 0.53 ± 0.07 | 0.41 ± 0.05 | 0.84 ± 0.02 | 0.98 ± 0.03 | 0.68 ± 0.08 | 0.76 ± 0.07 | |
| Petunidin-3-O-glucoside | 2013 | 0.59 ± 0.02 | 0.70 ± 0.06 | 1.47 ± 0.13 | 0.49 ± 0.02 | nd | nd | nd | nd | 3.40 ± 0.24 | 2.33 ± 0.12 | 3.41 ± 0.12 | 2.51 ± 0.05 |
| 2014 | 1.11 ± 0.05 | 0.47 ± 0.05 | 0.99 ± 0.08 | 0.81 ± 0.37 | 4.61 ± 0.39 | 2.80 ± 0.08 | 3.83 ± 0.10 | 3.25 ± 0.24 | 6.31 ± 0.13 | 6.55 ± 0.09 | 4.61 ± 0.36 | 4.74 ± 0.24 | |
| Peonidin-3-O-glucoside | 2013 | 0.29 ± 0.01 | 0.32 ± 0.01 | 0.65 ± 0.03 | 0.26 ± 0.02 | nd | nd | nd | nd | 0.95 ± 0.07 | 0.55 ± 0.03 | 1.01 ± 0.03 | 0.77 ± 0.02 |
| 2014 | 0.58 ± 0.02 | 0.29 ± 0.05 | 0.58 ± 0.02 | 0.48 ± 0.04 | 1.51 ± 0.12 | 1.02 ± 0.01 | 1.24 ± 0.06 | 0.88 ± 0.06 | 1.77 ± 0.03 | 1.86 ± 0.05 | 1.85 ± 0.34 | 1.67 ± 0.02 | |
| Malvidin-3-O-glucoside | 2013 | 0.85 ± 0.04 | 1.13 ± 0.11 | 1.96 ± 0.18 | 0.74 ± 0.03 | nd | nd | nd | nd | 7.79 ± 0.60 | 4.75 ± 0.22 | 5.95 ± 0.19 | 4.09 ± 0.07 |
| 2014 | 3.52 ± 0.09 | 1.74 ± 0.23 | 2.73 ± 0.22 | 2.38 ± 1.05 | 13.26 ± 1.08 | 8.95 ± 0.28 | 13.76 ± 1.55 | 9.96 ± 0.42 | 21.80 ± 0.45 | 19.37 ± 0.42 | 18.45 ± 1.19 | 15.58 ± 0.16 | |
| Delphinidin-3-O-acetylglucoside | 2013 | 0.03 ± 0.00 | 0.03 ± 0.00 | 0.07 ± 0.01 | 0.02 ± 0.00 | nd | nd | nd | nd | 0.16 ± 0.01 | 0.14 ± 0.01 | 0.15 ± 0.00 | 0.15 ± 0.00 |
| 2014 | 0.00 ± 0.00 | 0.01 ± 0.00 | 0.03 ± 0.01 | 0.01 ± 0.00 | 0.20 ± 0.02 | 0.16 ± 0.00 | 0.20 ± 0.01 | 0.17 ± 0.02 | 0.29 ± 0.02 | 0.36 ± 0.00 | 0.25 ± 0.04 | 0.27 ± 0.02 | |
| Peonidin-3-O-acetylglucoside | 2013 | 0.00 ± 0.00 | 0.00 ± 0.00 | 0.00 ± 0.00 | 0.00 ± 0.00 | nd | nd | nd | nd | 0.02 ± 0.01 | 0.03 ± 0.00 | 0.04 ± 0.00 | 0.03 ± 0.00 |
| 2014 | 0.00 ± 0.00 | 0.00 ± 0.00 | 0.00 ± 0.00 | 0.00 ± 0.00 | nd | nd | nd | nd | nd | nd | nd | nd | |
| Malvidin-3-O-acetylglucoside | 2013 | 0.03 ± 0.00 | 0.05 ± 0.01 | 0.08 ± 0.01 | 0.03 ± 0.00 | nd | nd | nd | nd | 0.52 ± 0.04 | 0.41 ± 0.02 | 0.36 ± 0.02 | 0.29 ± 0.01 |
| 2014 | 0.25 ± 0.01 | 0.16 ± 0.03 | 0.19 ± 0.02 | 0.22 ± 0.08 | 0.97 ± 0.06 | 0.89 ± 0.08 | 1.28 ± 0.06 | 1.05 ± 0.00 | 1.96 ± 0.02 | 1.93 ± 0.05 | 1.98 ± 0.07 | 1.42 ± 0.03 | |
| Delphinidin-3-O-(6″-O-coumaroyl)glucoside (cis isomer) | 2013 | 0.05 ± 0.01 | 0.07 ± 0.01 | 0.12 ± 0.01 | 0.05 ± 0.00 | nd | nd | nd | nd | 0.71 ± 0.08 | 0.60 ± 0.03 | 0.55 ± 0.03 | 0.50 ± 0.02 |
| 2014 | 0.25 ± 0.01 | 0.12 ± 0.04 | 0.22 ± 0.03 | 0.26 ± 0.09 | 0.93 ± 0.11 | 0.94 ± 0.10 | 1.48 ± 0.05 | 1.16 ± 0.09 | 2.02 ± 0.05 | 2.26 ± 0.09 | 1.61 ± 0.37 | 1.66 ± 0.04 | |
| Cyanidin-3-O-(6″-O-coumaroyl)glucoside (trans isomer) | 2013 | 0.04 ± 0.00 | 0.04 ± 0.00 | 0.07 ± 0.01 | 0.03 ± 0.00 | nd | nd | nd | nd | 0.13 ± 0.01 | 0.12 ± 0.01 | 0.15 ± 0.01 | 0.14 ± 0.01 |
| 2014 | 0.09 ± 0.01 | 0.05 ± 0.00 | 0.08 ± 0.01 | 0.11 ± 0.01 | 0.17 ± 0.03 | 0.13 ± 0.02 | 0.23 ± 0.02 | 0.18 ± 0.00 | 0.33 ± 0.00 | 0.38 ± 0.01 | 0.24 ± 0.05 | 0.29 ± 0.02 | |
| Petunidin-3-O-(6″-O-coumaroyl)glucoside (trans isomer) | 2013 | 0.04 ± 0.00 | 0.05 ± 0.01 | 0.10 ± 0.01 | 0.03 ± 0.00 | nd | nd | nd | nd | 0.60 ± 0.06 | 0.51 ± 0.02 | 0.49 ± 0.02 | 0.40 ± 0.01 |
| 2014 | 0.23 ± 0.01 | 0.12 ± 0.01 | 0.18 ± 0.02 | 0.20 ± 0.08 | 0.92 ± 0.08 | 0.83 ± 0.02 | 1.18 ± 0.19 | 1.08 ± 0.04 | 1.73 ± 0.04 | 1.80 ± 0.02 | 1.41 ± 0.07 | 1.37 ± 0.03 | |
| Peonidin-3-O-(6″-O-coumaroyl)glucoside (cis isomer) | 2013 | 0.00 ± 0.00 | 0.00 ± 0.00 | 0.01 ± 0.00 | 0.00 ± 0.00 | nd | nd | nd | nd | 0.01 ± 0.00 | 0.01 ± 0.00 | 0.01 ± 0.00 | 0.01 ± 0.00 |
| 2014 | nd | nd | nd | nd | nd | nd | nd | nd | nd | nd | nd | nd | |
| Malvidin-3-O-(6″-O-coumaroyl)glucoside (cis isomer) | 2013 | 0.01 ± 0.00 | 0.01 ± 0.00 | 0.01 ± 0.00 | 0.01 ± 0.00 | nd | nd | nd | nd | 0.05 ± 0.01 | 0.05 ± 0.00 | 0.05 ± 0.00 | 0.04 ± 0.00 |
| 2014 | 0.07 ± 0.02 | 0.03 ± 0.00 | 0.04 ± 0.01 | 0.04 ± 0.01 | 0.18 ± 0.01 | 0.16 ± 0.02 | 0.24 ± 0.02 | 0.20 ± 0.01 | 0.23 ± 0.01 | 0.28 ± 0.03 | 0.29 ± 0.04 | 0.21 ± 0.03 | |
| Peonidin-3-O-(6″-O-coumaroyl)glucoside (trans isomer) + Malvidin-3-O-(6″-O-coumaroyl)glucoside (trans isomer) | 2013 | 0.11 ± 0.01 | 0.15 ± 0.02 | 0.25 ± 0.03 | 0.09 ± 0.01 | 0.00 ± 0.00 | 0.00 ± 0.00 | 0.00 ± 0.00 | 0.00 ± 0.00 | 1.97 ± 0.15 | 1.44 ± 0.00 | 1.38 ± 0.08 | 0.96 ± 0.03 |
| 2014 | 1.10 ± 0.04 | 0.59 ± 0.05 | 0.75 ± 0.07 | 0.71 ± 0.14 | 3.95 ± 0.32 | 3.38 ± 0.09 | 4.68 ± 0.26 | 4.21 ± 0.13 | 8.19 ± 0.16 | 6.94 ± 0.14 | 9.10 ± 0.93 | 5.59 ± 0.00 | |
| Methoxylated/non-Methoxylated Ratio | 2013 | 1.50 ± 0.01 | 1.58 ± 0.01 | 3.31 ± 0.03 | 1.23 ± 0.01 | nd | nd | nd | nd | 5.54 ± 0.07 | 3.93 ± 0.04 | 6.18 ± 0.04 | 4.74 ± 0.02 |
| 2014 | 3.46 ± 0.01 | 3.99 ± 0.02 | 2.83 ± 0.03 | 2.80 ± 0.10 | 3.23 ± 0.12 | 3.51 ± 0.03 | 3.80 ± 0.08 | 3.78 ± 0.07 | 3.79 ± 0.04 | 3.08 ± 0.03 | 4.75 ± 0.11 | 3.32 ± 0.07 | |
nd, non-detected; Values presented are mean ± SD (n ≥ 3).