FIGURE 3.

Downy mildew disease protection rates in pearl millet susceptible “HB3” under greenhouse and field conditions following seed-priming with trehalose. (A) Disease protection percentage under greenhouse and (B) under field conditions of the pearl millet susceptible “HB3” plants raised from seeds treated with various concentrations of trehalose (25, 50, 100, and 200 mM) and Apron 35SD in comparison with sterile distilled water (SDW) control treatment. Values are means ± standard errors (SEs) of four independent replicates (n = 4, where each replicate represents 25 plants). Different letters indicate significant differences according to a Tukey’s honestly significant difference post hoc test (P ≤ 0.05).