Table 1. Escape behaviour of four life stages of Empoasca onukii in response to water spraying.

Stage	Behaviour/outcome	Proportional rate of successful escape (n = 20)	Mean escape time of escaped individuals (s)
N1	All trapped in the water and rapidly washed away	0	—
N2~N3	Most trapped in water droplets and able to crawl from droplets only slowly after cessation of spraying	0.15	48.7 ± 3.05
N4~N5	Minority trapped in water droplets and able to crawl from droplets relatively rapidly after cessation of spraying	0.85	17.4 ± 2.78
Adult	Jumping away during spraying	1.0	0.26 ± 0.02

Water was sprayed for 1 minute to adults and immatures of various nymphal (N) stages. The proportional rate of successful escape was calculated in the 2 minutes after the cessation of spraying for 1 min.