Table 4. Multivariable adjusted mean (SE) of measures of glucose homeostasis and insulin resistance and secretion in women across categories of birth weight, stratified by maternal diabetes status: ELSA-Brasil (2008–2010).
| Birth weight categories | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| <2.5 kg | ≥2.5, ≤4 kg | >4 kg | P-value | |
| Women whose mothers had history of diabetes1 | ||||
| Fasting glucose (mmol/l) | ||||
| Model 1 | 5.97 (0.08) | 5.82 (0.04) | 5.75 (0.08) | 0.08 |
| Model 2 | 5.97 (0.08) | 5.85 (0.04) | 5.71 (0.08) | 0.03 |
| 2 h postload glucose (mmol/l) | ||||
| Model 1 | 7.73 (0.25) | 7.20 (0.12) | 6.96 (0.21) | 0.02 |
| Model 2 | 7.72 (0.24) | 7.30 (0.12) | 6.82 (0.20) | 0.004 |
| HOMA-IR | ||||
| Model 1 | 1.43 (0.15) | 1.21 (0.07) | 1.45 (0.14) | 0.03 |
| Model 2 | 1.42 (0.13) | 1.29 (0.06) | 1.31 (0.11) | 0.56 |
| HOMA-β† | ||||
| Model 1 | 45.63 (1.94) | 48.85 (1.12) | 52.14 (2.10) | 0.04 |
| Model 2 | 45.69 (1.93) | 48.70 (1.11) | 52.71 (12.12) | 0.02 |
| ISI-composite | ||||
| Model 1 | 4.87 (0.45) | 5.85 (0.29) | 5.40 (0.47) | 0.08 |
| Model 2 | 4.90 (0.40) | 5.50 (0.24) | 5.91 (0.46) | 0.17 |
| Women whose mothers did not have history of diabetes2 | ||||
| Fasting glucose (mmol/l) | ||||
| Model 1 | 5.86 (0.03) | 5.77 (0.02) | 5.77 (0.04) | 0.01 |
| Model 2 | 5.87 (0.03) | 5.76 (0.02) | 5.73 (0.04) | 0.0004 |
| 2 h postload glucose (mmol/l) | ||||
| Model 1 | 7.13 (0.10) | 6.92 (0.05) | 6.79 (0.12) | 0.03 |
| Model 2 | 7.17 (0.10) | 6.90 (0.05) | 6.67 (0.11) | 0.0007 |
| HOMA-IR | ||||
| Model 1 | 1.47 (0.07) | 1.35 (0.03) | 1.38 (0.08) | 0.16 |
| Model 2 | 1.52 (0.07) | 1.34 (0.03) | 1.23 (0.07) | 0.001 |
| HOMA-β† | ||||
| Model 1 | 44.76 (0.80) | 46.67 (0.44) | 46.95 (1.04) | 0.04 |
| Model 2 | 44.44 (0.79) | 46.70 (0.44) | 47.53 (1.04) | 0.007 |
| ISI-composite | ||||
| Model 1 | 5.06 (0.22) | 5.49 (0.13) | 5.79 (0.31) | 0.07 |
| Model 2 | 4.92 (0.19) | 5.55 (0.11) | 6.35 (0.30) | <0001 |
Model 1: adjusted for age, study center, maternal education, father diagnosed with diabetes; Model 2: + BMI at baseline.
†Further adjusted for HOMA-IR. P-value represents the test for an overall association of the different categories of estimated birth weight with each respective outcome.
1N = 1180.
2N = 4994.