Table 1.
Guidelines and recommendations for the management of hospital-acquired pneumonia, ventilator-associated pneumonia and healthcare-associated pneumonia
| Author/Society | Country/Region | Year | HAP prevention measures | VAP prevention measures | Hand hygiene | Microbiologic monitoring | Invasive device removal | Avoid endotracheal intubation | Reduction in the prescription of AB |
| Centres for Disease Control and Prevention [17] | USA | 2003 | NA | Available | R | R | DR | R | DR |
| Infectious Diseases Society of America [3] | USA | 2005 | NA | Available | R | R | DR | R | DR |
| Latin American Thoracic Society [18] | Latin America | 2005 | NA | Available | R | R | DR | R | DR |
| Federation of the Infectious Diseases Societies of South Africa [19] | South Africa | 2005 | NA | Available | R | R | DR | DR | R |
| Association for Professionals in Infection Control and Epidemiology [20] | USA | 2005 | NA | Available | R | R | R | R | R |
| The South African Thoracic Society [21] | South Africa | 2006 | NA | Available | R | R | R | R | R |
| Brazilian Society of Pneumology and Tisiology [22] | Brazil | 2007 | NA | Available | R | R | R | R | R |
| Portuguese Societies of Pneumology and Intensive Care [23] | Portugal | 2007 | NA | Available | R | R | R | R | R |
| The British Society for Antimicrobial Therapy [24] | England | 2008 | NA | Available | R | R | DR | R | DR |
| Association of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases [25] | Canada | 2008 | NA | Available | R | R | R | R | R |
| European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases [8] | Europe | 2009 | NA | Available | R | R | R | R | R |
| The French Society of Hospital Hygiene [26] | France | 2010 | NA | Available | R | DR | DR | R | DR |
| The Spanish Society of Pulmonology and Thoracic Surgery [27] | Spain | 2011 | NA | Available | R | R | R | R | R |
| Singapore Infection Control Association and Singapore Society of Intensive Care Medicine [28] | Singapore | 2013 | NA | Available | R | R | DR | DR | DR |
| Author/Society | Avoid reintubation | Promote NIV if possible | Orogastric tubes | Cuff pressure (mmHg) | Bed elevation | Subglotic aspiration | Silver or AB endotracheal tube coating | Oral decontamination | SDD |
| Centres for Disease Control and Prevention [17] | R | R | R | DR | R | NR | DR | NR | NR |
| Infectious Diseases Society of America [3] | R | R | R | 20 | R | R | DR | NR | NR |
| Latin American Thoracic Society [18] | R | R | R | DR | R | R | DR | R | NR |
| Federation of the Infectious Diseases Societies of South Africa [19] | DR | DR | R | DR | R | NR | DR | R | NR |
| Association for Professionals in Infection Control and Epidemiology [20] | DR | R | DR | DR | R | R | DR | R | NR |
| The South African Thoracic Society [21] | DR | DR | R | DR | R | DR | DR | DR | DR |
| Brazilian Society of Pneumology and Tisiology [22] | NR | R | DR | 20 | R | R | DR | R | NR |
| Portuguese Societies of Pneumology and Intensive Care [23] | R | R | R | DR | R | DR | DR | R | DR |
| The British Society for Antimicrobial Therapy [24] | R | R | DR | 25 | R | R | DR | DR | R |
| Association of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases [25] | R | R | R | 20 | R | R | DR | R | NR |
| European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases [8] | R | R | R | 20 | R | R | DR | R | NR |
| The French Society of Hospital Hygiene [26] | DR | R | R | 25-30 | R | NR | DR | R | NR |
| The Spanish Society of Pulmonology and Thoracic Surgery [27] | DR | R | DR | DR | R | R | R | R | NR |
| Singapore Infection Control Association and Singapore Society of Intensive Care Medicine [28] | DR | DR | R | DR | R | R | DR | R | DR |
AB antibiotic, DR don’t refer, HAP hospital-acquired pneumonia, NA not available, R recommended, VAP ventilator-associated pneumonia, NIV non-invasive ventilation, NR not recommended, SDD selective digestive decontamination