Fig. 1.

Sample collection and characterization of hPDLSCs/hJBMMSCs. a, h Primary human PDLSCs and JBMMSCs. b, i hPDLSCs/hJBMMSCs grown in culture medium, both showing the long spindle shape. c, d, j, k Representative figures showed the proliferation of a single clone of hPDLSCs/hJBMMSCs. e, l Cultured hPDLSCs/hJBMMSCs formed oil red O-positive lipid clusters following 21 days of adipogenic induction. f, m When hPDLSCs/hJBMMSCs were cultured in osteogenic inductive conditions for 21 days, mineralized nodules were found by alizarin red S staining. g, n Flow cytometric analysis of ex vivo-expanded hPDLSCs/hJBMMSCs revealed positive expression of STRO-1, CD105, CD90, CD29, and negative expression of CD31, CD34 and CD45. The scale bar represents 25 μm. hJBMMSCs human jaw bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells, hPDLSCs human periodontal ligament stem cells