Table 1.
Patient characteristics
| SR | PAF | CAF | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Patients, n | 32 | 14 | 23 |
| Gender, m/f | 24/8 | 10/4 | 15/8 |
| Age, years | 64.09 ± 11.2 | 66.9 ± 10.1 | 67.78 ± 9.41 |
| Body mass index, kg/m2 | 28.09 ± 5.79 | 29.54 ± 7.53 | 29.23 ± 4.21 |
| CAD, n (%) | 17 (53) | 4 (29) | 8 (35) |
| AVD, n (%) | 8 (25) | 6 (43) | 6 (26) |
| MVD, n (%) | 0 (0) | 1 (7) | 5 (22) |
| CAD + AVD, n (%) | 7 (22) | 4 (29) | 5 (22) |
| Hypertension, n (%) | 28 (88) | 14 (100) | 22 (96) |
| Diabetes, n (%) | 7 (22) | 4 (29) | 8 (35) |
| Hyperlipidemia, n (%) | 29 (91) | 12 (86) | 17 (74) |
| LVEF | |||
| Normal, n (%) | 16 (50) | 6 (43) | 11 (48) |
| Mildly reduced, n (%) | 10 (31) | 2 (14) | 3 (13) |
| Moderately reduced, n (%) | 4 (13) | 4 (29) | 6 (26) |
| Severely reduced, n (%) | 1 (3) | 2 (14) | 3 (13) |
| β-Blockers, n (%) | 20 (62) | 14 (100) | 19 (83) |
| Digitalis, n (%) | 2 (6) | 2 (14) | 7 (30) |
| Amiodarone, n (%)# | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 1 (7) |
| Other AADs, n (%) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) |
| ACE inhibitors, n (%) | 19 (59) | 8 (57) | 12 (52) |
| AT1 blockers, n (%) | 6 (19) | 2 (14) | 3 (13) |
| Dihydropyridines, n (%) | 8 (25) | 4 (29) | 3 (13) |
| Diuretics, n (%) | 9 (28) | 10 (71) | 11 (48) |
| Nitrates, n (%) | 1 (3) | 2 (14) | 3 (13) |
| Lipid-lowering drugs, n (%) | 22 (69) | 11 (79) | 14 (61) |
| Biguanides, n (%)# | 2 (7) | 2 (18) | 1 (7) |
| Sulfonylurea derivatives, n (%)# | 1 (4) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) |
| Insulin, n (%)# | 0 (0) | 3 (27) | 2 (14) |
| OAC, n (%)# | 0 (0) | 5 (45)** | 13 (93)*** |
| Antiplatelet drugs, n (%)# | 23 (88) | 8 (73) | 6 (43)* |
AAD antiarrhythmic drug, ACE angiotensin converting enzyme, AT angiotensin receptor, AVD aortic valve disease, CAD coronary artery disease, CAF chronic atrial fibrillation, LVEF left ventricular ejection fraction (normal, ≥55 %; mild impairment, 45–54 %; moderate impairment, 30–44 %; severe impairment,<30 %), MVD mitral valve disease, OAC oral anticoagulation, PAF paroxysmal atrial fibrillation, SR sinus rhythm
*
P < 0.05,
**
P < 0.01,
***
P < 0.001 versus SR from Fisher exact test followed by Bonferroni multiple comparisons procedure for categorical variables
#
Data were not available for 6 SR, 3 pAF and 9 cAF patients