Table 2. Advertisements and Product Placements for Healthfula and Less Healthfulb Food and Beverages in Small Stores in Minneapolis–St. Paul, 2014.
| Type | No. (%) |
P Valuec | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| All Stores (N = 119) | Corner/Small Grocery Store (n = 46) | Food–Gas Mart (n = 51) | Dollar Store (n = 9) | Pharmacy (n = 13) | ||
| Advertisements | ||||||
| Exterior advertisements | ||||||
| At least 1 | 68 (57) | 18 (39) | 41 (80) | 2 (22) | 7 (54) | <.001 |
| Advertisements for healthful foods and beverages | 44 (37) | 8 (17)d | 28 (55)e | 2 (22)d,f | 6 (46)e,f | .001 |
| Advertisements for less healthful foods and beverages | 55 (46) | 16 (35)d | 38 (75)e | 0 (0)f | 1 (8)f | <.001 |
| Interior advertisements | ||||||
| At least 1 interior advertisement | 82 (69) | 21 (46) | 47 (92) | 7 (78) | 7 (54) | <.001 |
| Healthfula interior advertisement | ||||||
| At least 1 | 24 (20) | 1 (2)d | 20 (39)e | 0 (0)d | 3 (23)d,e | <.001 |
| Next to the cash register | 7 (6) | 0 0)d | 6 (12)e | 0 (0)d | 1 (8)d,e | .08 |
| Below the cash register | 2 (2) | 0 (0)d | 1 (2)d | 0 (0)d | 1 (8)d | .28 |
| On the floor | 6 (5) | 0 (0)d | 5 (10)e | 0 (0)d | 1 (8)d,e | .14 |
| Hanging from the ceiling | 16 (13) | 1 (2)d | 15 (29)e | 0 (0)d | 0 (0)d | <.001 |
| Less healthfulb interior advertisement | ||||||
| At least 1 | 78 (66) | 20 (43)d | 45 (88)e | 7 (78)e,f | 6 (46)d,f | <.001 |
| Next to the cash register | 51 (43) | 11 (24)d | 31 (61)e | 5 (56)d,e | 4 (31)d | .002 |
| Below the cash register | 17 (14) | 3 (7)d | 13 (25)e | 0 (0)d | 1 (8)d,e | .02 |
| On the floor | 36 (30) | 7 (15)d | 23 (45)e | 2 (22)d,e | 4 (31)d,e | .02 |
| Hanging from the ceiling | 15 (13) | 2 (4)d | 12 (24)e | 0 (0)d | 1 (8)d,e | .02 |
| Product Placementg | ||||||
| At least 1g | 117 (98) | 44 (96) | 51 (100) | 9 (100) | 13 (100) | .36 |
| Healthfula product placementg | ||||||
| At least 1 | 92 (77) | 36 (78)d | 40 (78)d | 5 (56)d | 11 (85)d | .41 |
| Trail mix or granola (no added sugar) | 18 (15) | 5 (11)d | 9 (18)d | 0 (0)e | 4 (31)d | .17 |
| Nuts or seeds (no added sugar) | 46 (39) | 15 (33)d | 24 (47)d | 2 (22)d | 5 (38)d | .35 |
| Fruit | 29 (24) | 9 (20)d | 18 (35)d | 2 (22)d,e | 0 (0)e | .04 |
| Water | 26 (22) | 11 (24)d | 4 (8)e | 5 (56)d | 6 (46)d | .001 |
| Other healthful food items | 22 (18) | 8 (17)d | 9 (18)d | 0 (0)e | 5 (38)d | .14 |
| Less healthfulb product placementg | ||||||
| At least 1 | 117 (98) | 44 (96)d | 51 (100)d | 9 (100)d | 13 (100)d | 0.36 |
| Gumball machine | 15 (13) | 6 (13)d | 4 (8)d | 5 (56)e | 0 (0)f | <.001 |
| Candy | 112 (94) | 40 (87)d | 50 (98)e | 9 (100)e | 13 (100)e | .07 |
| Soda | 55 (46) | 16 (35)d | 21 (41)d | 8 (89)e | 10 (77)e | .002 |
| Chips | 75 (64) | 25 (56)d | 39 (76)e | 5 (56)d,e | 6 (46)d,e | .08 |
| Other less healthful food items | 109 (92) | 39 (85)d | 49 (96)d,e | 8 (89)d,e | 13 (100)e | .15 |
Healthful foods and beverages were defined as fruits and vegetables, whole grains, beans, nuts and seeds, non-fat/low-fat milk products, lean meat, poultry, fish, and unsweetened black coffee, according to definitions in the Staple Food Ordinance Evaluation (STORE) study (15,21).
Less healthful food were high-calorie, low-nutrient foods and beverages, including alcoholic beverages (exterior advertisements only); soft drinks and other sweetened beverages including diet drinks, sweet desserts and highly sugared cereals, chips and other salty snacks, most solid fats, fried foods, and other foods with high amounts of sugar, fat and/or sodium.
Significant difference among groups determined by χ2 test.
Pairwise comparisons that were significantly different from one another are indicated as follows: when 2 values within a row do not share a common superscript, they are significantly different, whereas when 2 values within a row do share a common superscript, they are not significantly different. Significance (P < .05) determined by t test.
Product placement defined as the placement of items to promote impulse buys: food items placed near the cash register, including spaces on and below the counter and displays surrounding the areas where customers wait in line.