Table 1.
Demographic, clinical, cognitive, and physiological characteristics of all clinical participants (i.e., n = 101)
| Age, years | 19 to 71 | 45.4 ± 10.7 |
| Gender | ||
| Male | – | 56 (55) |
| Female | – | 45 (45) |
| Race | ||
| Caucasian | – | 54 (53) |
| African-American | – | 45 (45) |
| Other | – | 5 (5) |
| Level of education (n = 91) | 1 to 8 | 3.9 ± 1.3 |
| DSM-IV Axis I diagnosis | ||
| Schizophrenia | – | 32 (32) |
| Schizoaffective disorder | – | 59 (58) |
| Psychotic disorder NOS | – | 10 (10) |
| Age at diagnosis, years | 16 to 64 | 26.4 ± 9.5 |
| Duration of illness, years | 1 to 44 | 19.0 ± 11.3 |
| Hospitalizations, lifetime | 0 to 44 | 8.9 ± 10.1 |
| Beck Depression Inventory-Revised (n = 94) | 0 to 63 total | 14.95 ± 11.29 |
| Psychological Stress Index (n = 94) | 0 to 4 average | 2.19 ± 0.71 |
| Social Adjustment Scores-Self-Report (n = 95) | 0 to 5 average | 2.24 ± 0.54 |
| BACS composite z-score (n = 94)a | –4.83 to 0.42 | –1.92 ± 1.06 |
| Verbal Memory | –3.85 to 1.44 | –1.35 ± 1.09 |
| Digit Sequencing | –5.95 to 1.66 | –1.41 ± 1.26 |
| Token Motor Task (n = 99) | –5.48 to 1.43 | –1.61 ± 1.24 |
| Verbal Fluency | –4.14 to 1.07 | –1.06 ± 0.91 |
| Symbol Coding (n = 98) | –3.97 to 0.72 | –1.56 ± 0.93 |
| Tower of London (n = 96) | –4.29 to 1.36 | –1.19 ± 1.29 |
| Current cigarette smoker | – | 52 (51.5) |
| Packs of cigarettes per year | 37 to 1,095 | 86.8 ± 123.0 |
| Atypical antipsychotic | – | 91 (90) |
| Typical antipsychotic | – | 19 (18.8) |
| Daily chlorpromazine equivalents, mg | 25 to 3,175 | 530.6 ± 517.9 |
Note: data are presented as range, mean ± SD, or n (%). NOS = Not otherwise specified.
a
Computation of BACS z-scores utilized a healthy control comparison group.