Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of the participants with outcomes in each diagnostic group.
| Control (n = 262) | PD (n = 199) | Vascular (n = 38) | DLB (n = 43) | Parkinson plus syndromes |
Atypical Parkinsonism combined (n = 124) | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| PSP/CBD (n = 27) | MSA (n = 16) | ||||||
|
Baseline characteristics | |||||||
| Male | 162 (62%) | 115 (58%) | 27 (71%) | 29 (67%) | 13 (67%) | 12 (75%) | 81 (65%) |
| Mean age yrs (SD) | 74.9 (9.3) | 71.9 (10.4) | 78.5 (7.4) | 79.0 (6.2) | 78.5 (8.5) | 78.3 (9.3) | 78.6 (7.4) |
| Caucasian | 251 (96%) | 198 (99%) | 38 (100%) | 43 (100%) | 27 (100%) | 16 (100%) | 124 (100%) |
| Living Alone a | 86 (33%) | 53 (27%) | 15 (39%) | 13 (30%) | 6 (22%) | 5 (31%) | 39 (31%) |
| Carstairs deprivation category‡ | |||||||
| 1–2 (most affluent) | 120 (46%) | 104 (52%) | 15 (37%) | 29 (67%) | 13 (48%) | 10 (63%) | 66 (53%) |
| 3-4 | 84 (32%) | 56 (28%) | 20 (53%) | 10 (23%) | 8 (30%) | 3 (19%) | 41 (33%) |
| 5–6 (least affluent) | 58 (22%) | 39 (20%) | 4 (11%) | 4 (9%) | 6 (22%) | 3 (19%) | 17 (14%) |
| Family history of PDb | 12 (5%) | 31 (16%) | 2 (5%) | 4 (9%) | 1 (4%) | 3 (19%) | 10 (8%) |
| Current/ex-smokerc | 159 (61%) | 85 (43%) | 23 (61%) | 26 (63%) | 17 (63%) | 8 (50%) | 74 (60%) |
| Vascular co-morbidity† | 83 (32%) | 62 (31%) | 21 (55%) | 16 (37%) | 13 (48%) | 9 (56%) | 59 (47%) |
| Median duration symptoms at diagnosis (months, IQR)d | – | 14 (9, 24) | 20 (6, 26.5) | 12 (6, 24) | 24 (8, 37) | 13 (12, 24) | 15 (7, 26) |
| Symptoms at diagnosis | |||||||
| Tremore | 35 (14%) | 171 (86%) | 18 (47%) | 30 (70%) | 13 (48%) | 6 (38%) | 67 (54%) |
| Postural Instabilitye | 62 (25%) | 60 (30%) | 27 (71%) | 29 (67%) | 25 (93%) | 10 (63%) | 91 (74%) |
| Prior fallsf | 50 (20%) | 76 (38%) | 25 (66%) | 32 (75%) | 23 (85%) | 9 (56%) | 89 (72%) |
| Mean motor UPDRS (SD)g | 3.5 (3.8) | 24.9 (11.9) | 31.4 (14.6) | 32.8 (11.5) | 35.6 (17.7) | 30.9 (12.2) | 32.8 (14.0) |
| Hoehn–Yahr ≥3h | n/a | 51 (26%) | 19 (50%) | 25 (58%) | 17 (65%) | 10 (63%) | 71 (57%) |
| GDS-15 ≥ 5 (depressed)f | 26 (11%) | 61 (31%) | 21 (55%) | 16 (37%) | 16 (59%) | 8 (50%) | 61 (49%) |
| MMSE<24i | 2 (0.8%) | 13 (7%) | 11 (29%) | 18 (62%) | 5 (26%) | 3 (23%) | 37 (30%) |
| Schwab & England <80j |
16 (6%) |
51 (26%) |
23 (60%) |
28 (65%) |
18 (67%) |
7 (44%) |
76 (61%) |
|
Outcomes | |||||||
| Person-years of follow-up | 1334 | 972 | 113 | 136 | 74 | 54 | 377 |
| Total deaths | 57 (22%) | 73 (37%) | 28 (74%) | 35 (81%) | 23 (85%) | 10 (63%) | 96 (77%) |
| Parkinsonian-related deaths∗ | – | 29 (40%) | 13 (46%) | 29 (83%) | 19 (83%) | 7 (70%) | 68 (71%) |
| Median survival yrs (95% CI) # | NE | 7.8 (6.5, 9.4) | 2.7 (1.7, 4.2) | 3.3 (2.4, 4.1) | 2.7 (1.1, 3.8) | 3.3 (1.7, 6.9) | 2.7 (2.3, 3.6) |
| Institutionalized at baseline | 2 (0.8%) | 3 (1.5%) | 5 (13%) | 8 (19%) | 9 (33%) | 2 (13%) | 24 (19%) |
| Institutionalized during follow-up | 11 (4%) | 26 (13%) | 8 (21%) | 24 (56%) | 9 (33%) | 3 (19%) | 44 (35%) |
| Median time to institution yrs (95% CI) # | NE | NE | NE | 1.8 (0.6, 2.6) | 3.3 (1.0, 6.2) | NE | 3.1 (2.3, 4.3) |
| Dead at 3 yrs | 28 (11%) | 32 (16%) | 21 (55%) | 22 (51%) | 16 (59%) | 8 (50%) | 67 (54%) |
| Dead or dependent at 3 yrs | 46/216 (21%) | 90/197 (46%) | 32/34 (94%) | 39/40 (98%) | 26/27 (96%) | 15/16 (94%) | 112/117 (96%) |
Figures given are numbers of patients and percentages unless otherwise stated.
PD- Parkinson's disease; DLB-dementia with Lewy bodies; MSA-multiple system atrophy; PSP-progressive supranuclear palsy; CBD-corticobasal degeneration; vascular-vascular parkinsonism.
UPDRS-Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale; GDS-15-Geriatric Depression Scale; MMSE-mini-mental state examination; IQR–interquartile range; CI – confidence interval; NE – not estimable.
‡ Small postcode measure of socioeconomic status based on proportions of overcrowding, male unemployment, low occupational social class and car ownership.
† Previous history stroke/transient ischemic attack or ischemic heart disease or peripheral vascular disease or diabetes at baseline.
* Parkinsonian-related death defined as being due to end-stage disease or a complication of parkinsonism (e.g. a fall/fracture, immobility leading to pneumonia/venous thromboembolism, aspiration pneumonia etc); percentage refers to % of deaths that were parkinsonism related.
# Median time calculated from Kaplan Meier estimates.
Missing n = 5 controls.
Missing n = 16 controls, n = 2 vascular, n = 1 PSP/CBD.
Missing n = 3 controls, n = 1 PD, n = 1 vascular, n = 2 DLB, n = 1 PSP/CBD.
Missing n = 2 vascular, n = 1 MSA.
Missing n = 12 controls.
Missing n = 15 controls, n = 1 vascular.
Missing n = 16 controls, n = 1 PD.
Missing n = 1 PD, n = 1 PSP/CBD.
Missing n = 16 controls, n = 29 PD, n = 12 vascular, n = 14 DLB, n = 8 PSP/CBD, n = 3 MSA.
Missing n = 16 control, n = 1 PD.