Study	Subsamples	Age group	Gender	N	Execution d [95% CI]	Observation d [95% CI]
Andelin (2011)		>18 years	Mixed	30	0.53 [0.27, 0.79]	0.21 [–0.03, 0.44]
Avanzini et al. (2012)		>18 years	Mixed	11		0.68 [0.21, 1.15]
Babiloni et al. (2008)		>18 years	Mixed	12	0.52 [0.22, 0.81]
Behmer & Jantzen (2011)	Musicians	>18 years	Mixed	12		0.69 [0.24, 1.14]
	Nonmusicians	>18 years	Mixed	12		0.69 [0.24, 1.14]
Bernier et al. (2007)	Nonclinical	>18 years	>70% male	15	0.95 [0.48, 1.41]	1.01 [0.53, 1.50]
Bernier et al. (2013)		5–18 years	>70% male	14		0.37 [0.01, 0.72]
Bilyk (2012)		18–28 years	>70% female	37		0.19 [–0.03, 0.40]
Braadbaart et al. (2013)		>18 years	>70% male	15		0.19 [–0.18, 0.56]
Brown et al. (2013)		>18 years	>70% female	17		0.33 [0.01, 0.65]
Cannon et al. (2014)	Novices	>18 years	>70% female	12		0.27 [0.01, 0.54]
	Observers	>18 years	>70% male	10		0.62 [0.28, 0.96]
	Performers	>18 years	>70% female	11		0.88 [0.35, 1.40]
Cochin et al. (1998)		>18 years	Mixed	40		0.26 [0.11, 0.40]
Cochin et al. (1999)		>18 years	Mixed	20	0.46 [0.15, 0.77]	0.58 [0.25, 0.91]
Cochin et al. (2001)		0–4 years	N/Rb	30		0.21 [0.11, 0.32]
Colombi (2008)	Nonclinical	5–18 years	>70% male	9		0.40 [–0.05, 0.86]
	Experiment	5–18 years	>70% male	29		0.04 [–0.05, 0.14]
	2/nonclinical
	Experiment	5–18 years	>70% male	19		0.00 [–0.28, 0.28]
	3/nonclinical
Cooper et al. (2013)		>18 years	Mixed	20		0.11 [–0.17, 0.39]
Cuellar et al. (2012)	Experiment 1	>18 years	>70% female	10		0.17 [0.04, 0.30]
	Experiment 2	>18 years	>70% female	13		0.14 [0.04, 0.24]
de Klerk et al. (2015)a		0–4 years	Mixed	31		0.00 [–0.22, 0.22]
Derambure et al. (1997)	Nonclinical	>18 years	N/Rb	10	0.65 [0.17, 1.14]
Désy & Lepage (2013)		>18 years	Mixed	18	0.65 [0.29, 1.01]	0.66 [0.30, 1.02]
Fargier et al. (2012)		>18 years	Mixed	16		0.11 [–0.20, 0.42]
Francuz & Zapała (2011)		>18 years	Mixed	10		0.96 [0.38, 1.53]
Frenkel-Toledo et al. (2013)		>18 years	Mixed	27	1.16 [0.23, 2.08]	1.25 [0.31, 2.19]
Giromini et al. (2010)		>18 years	Mixed	19		0.51 [0.18, 0.84]
Gutsell & Inzlicht (2010)			Mixed	30	0.51 [0.25, 0.77]	0.14 [−0.09, 0.37]
Heimann et al. (2013)		>18 years	Mixed	15	0.68 [0.28, 1.08]	0.68 [0.28, 1.08]
Holmes et al. (2006)		>18 years	>70% female	6	0.00 [–0.51, 0.51]	0.00 [–0.51, 0.51]
Kranczioch et al. (2008)		>18 years	>70% female	13	0.71 [0.23, 1.19]
Kumar et al. (2013)		N/Rb	>70% female	17		0.36 [0.14, 0.59]
Leocani et al. (1997)		N/Rb	Mixed	9	0.39 [–0.06, 0.84]
Lepage & Théoret (2006)		5–18 years	Mixed	15		0.17 [–0.18, 0.52]
Li et al. (2011)		>18 years	Mixed	14	0.51 [0.13, 0.89]
Marshall et al. (2009)		N/Rb	Mixed	20		0.39 [0.09, 0.69]
Marshall et al. (2011)		0–4 years	Mixed	30	0.31 [0.07, 0.55]	0.31 [0.07, 0.56]
Martineau & Cochin (2003)	Nonclinical	0–4 years	Mixed	14		0.07 [–0.14, 0.29]
Martineau et al. (2008)		5–18 years	Mixed	14		0.02 [–0.31, 0.35]
McCormick et al. (2012)		>18 years	>70% male	16		0.33 [0.20, 0.47]
McGarry et al. (2012)		>18 years	>70% female	33	0.22 [0.00, 0.45]	0.22 [0.00, 0.45]
Meyer et al. (2011)		0–4 years	>70% male	7		0.83 [0.19, 1.48]
Milston et al. (2013)		>18 years	>70% female	26	0.46 [0.19, 0.74]	0.46 [0.19, 0.74]
Moore et al. (2008)		>18 years	Mixed	34	0.29 [0.07, 0.51]
Moore et al. (2012)		N/Rb	Mixed	11		0.37 [0.19, 0.55]
Müller-Putz et al. (2007)	Nonclinical	>18 years	>70% male	9	0.49 [0.02, 0.96]
Muthukumaraswamy & Johnson (2004a)		>18 years	Mixed	13		0.38 [0.01, 0.76]
Muthukumaraswamy & Johnson (2004b)		>18 years	Mixed	8	0.00 [–0.44, 0.44]	0.00 [–0.44, 0.44]
Muthukumaraswamy et al. (2004)		>18 years	Mixed	12	0.40 [0.01, 0.79]	0.40 [0.01, 0.79]
Nyström (2008)	Adults	>18 years	N/Rb	15		0.35 [0.01, 0.69]
	Infants	0–4 years	N/Rb	19		0.31 [0.00, 0.61]
Nyström et al. (2011)		0–4 years	N/Rb	23		0.27 [0.00, 0.54]
Oberman et al. (2007)	Experiment 1	>18 years	>70% female	17		0.36 [0.04, 0.69]
	Experiment 2	>18 years	>70% female	20		0.51 [0.19, 0.83]
Oberman et al. (2008)	Nonclinical	5–18 years	>70% male	13		0.61 [0.19, 1.02]
Oberman et al. (2005)	Nonclinical	5–18 years	>70% male	10	0.72 [0.22, 1.23]	0.40 [–0.03, 0.83]
Orgs et al. (2008)	Dancers	>18 years	Mixed	10		0.96 [0.38, 1.53]
	Nondancers	>18 years	Mixed	10		0.23 [–0.18, 0.64]
Perry & Bentin (2009)		>18 years	Mixed	24		0.23 [–0.04, 0.49]
Perry & Bentin (2010)		>18 years	Mixed	24		0.13 [–0.13, 0.39]
Perry et al. (2011)		>18 years	Mixed	28	0.25 [0.00, 0.49]	0.25 [0.00, 0.49]
Perry et al. (2010)		>18 years	Mixed	24		0.55 [0.26, 0.85]
Pfurtscheller & Neuper (1992)		N/Rb	N/Rb	3	1.57 [0.13, 3.02]
Pineda & Oberman (2006)		>18 years	Mixed	18	0.32 [0.01, 0.62]	0.20 [–0.01, 0.41]
Pineda et al. (2011)		>18 years	Mixed	24		0.56 [0.26, 0.86]
Porcelli et al. (2013)		>18 years	>70% female	24		0.37 [–0.53, 1.26]
Puzzo et al. (2010)		>18 years	Mixed	20		0.38 [0.08, 0.68]
Raymaekers et al. (2009)	Nonclinical	5–18 years	>70% male	20	0.54 [0.22, 0.87]	0.41 [0.11, 0.72]
Reid et al. (2011)		0–4 years	Mixed	10	0.67 [0.18, 1.16]	0.11 [−0.29, 0.50]
Ruysschaert et al. (2013)	Live setting group	0–4 years	Mixed	18		0.30 [–0.01, 0.60]
	Video setting group	0–4 years	Mixed	16		0.00 [–0.31, 0.31)
Schuch et al. (2010)		>18 years	>70% female	27	0.99 [0.63, 1.34]	0.57 [0.28, 0.85]
Serrien & Brown (2003)		N/Rb	N/Rb	6	0.66 [0.03, 1.29]
Silas et al. (2010)		>18 years	Mixed	33	0.43 [0.19, 0.67]	0.35 [0.12, 0.58]
Southgate & Begus (2013)		0–4 years	Mixed	33		0.20 [–0.19, 0.59]
Southgate et al. (2010)		0–4 years	Mixed	22		0.29 [0.01, 0.56]
Southgate et al. (2009)		0–4 years	Mixed	15	0.71 [0.30, 1.12]	0.42 [0.07, 0.77]
Stancák & Pfurtscheller (1996a)		>18 years	Mixed	10	0.45 [0.01, 0.89]
Stancák et al. (1997)		>18 years	Mixed	13	0.38 [0.01, 0.76]
Stancák & Pfurtscheller (1996b)		>18 years	Mixed	23	0.27 [0.00, 0.54]
Streltsova et al. (2010)		>18 years	Mixed	11	1.18 [0.56, 1.81]	0.41 [0.20, 0.61]
Ulloa & Pineda (2007)		>18 years	>70% female	20		0.30 [0.00, 0.59]
Upshaw et al. (2014)a		0–4 years	N/Rb	23	0.25 [–0.24, 0.74]	0.06 [–0.12, 0.24]
van Elk et al. (2008)		0–4 years	Mixed	12		0.40 [0.01, 0.79]
Virji-Babul et al. (2012)c		0–4 years	Mixed	10
Warreyn et al. (2012)		0–4 years	Mixed	17	0.48 [0.14, 0.82]	0.40 [0.07, 0.73]
Woodruff et al. (2011)		N/Rb	Mixed	39	0.28 [0.07, 0.48]	0.28 [0.07, 0.48]
Wriesnegger et al. (2013)		>18 years	>70% female	17		0.14 [0.02, 0.26]
Yang et al. (2009)		>18 years	>70% male	16	0.13 [–0.13, 0.39]
Yuan et al. (2010)		>18 years	Mixed	10	0.96 [0.38, 1.53]

Note. CI - confidence interval.

^aUnpublished at the time of data request.

^bSpecific age/gender distribution of participants was not reported (N/R); thus, we could not assign a code.

^c95% CI for observation was calculated for parietal (0.41[–0.02, 0.85]) and temporal (0.11[–0.28, 0.51]) areas.