Table 2.
Distribution of place and participant characteristics among people who inject drugs from 19 US metro areas in 2009, stratified by race/ethnicity5,6
| Injection related-risk behavior sample | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Latino N (%)or Mean (SD) N= 1,593 |
Black N (%)or Mean (SD) N=4,537 |
White N (%)or Mean (SD) N=2,656 |
|
|
| |||
| Region7 | |||
| Northeast | 574 (36.03) | 716 (15.78) | 786 (29.59) |
| South | 317 (19.90) | 2,559 (56.40) | 638 (24.02) |
| Midwest | 169 (10.61) | 598 (13.18) | 150 (5.65) |
| West | 533 (33.46) | 664 (14.64) | 1,082 (40.74) |
| Metropolitan statistical area | |||
| Black isolation | 0.45 (0.19) | 0.51 (0.18) | 0.40 (0.20) |
| Latino isolation | 0.48 (0.16) | 0.36 (0.17) | 0.36 (0.17) |
| County | |||
| Percent unaffordable rental units among low income residents | 84.94 (7.29) | 85.55 (6.53) | 84.65 (7.17) |
| Average number of months on waiting lists for assisted housing | 35.29 (18.69) | 28.23 (15.99) | 30.03 (18.96) |
| Drug arrest rates per 1000 residents | 10.97 (5.21) | 11.36 (10.58) | 9.34 (7.54) |
| ZIP code | |||
| Density per square mile of off-premise alcohol outlets | 19.57 (26.94) | 8,50 (10.87) | 17.14 (26.97) |
| Density per square mile of abandoned residential units | 91.84 (105.80) | 176.07 (206.32) | 83.38 (106.48) |
| Percent of housing units with >1.5 people per room | 3.76 (3.79) | 1.95 (2.52) | 2.59 (3.00) |
| Percent non-Hispanic black residents | 22.75 (21.73) | 56.76 (29.91) | 20.53 (21.72) |
| Economic deprivation | 2.57 (2.34) | 2.80 (2.03) | 1.23 (2.15) |
| Gentrification | 0.48 (1.67) | 0.33 (1.75) | 0.62 (1.56) |
| Spatial access to drug treatment | 2.64 (3.09) | 1.58 (1.95) | 2.50 (2.76) |
| Spatial access to syringe exchange programs | 0.15 (0.24) | 0.16 (0.35) | 0.18 (0.32) |
| Participant characteristics | |||
| Mean current age (SD) | 41.80 (9.89) | 50.22 (8.21) | 40.34 (11.10) |
| Male sex | 1,222 (76.71) | 3,269 (72.05) | 1,815 (68.34) |
| Men who ever had sex with men | 260 (21.28) | 494 (15.11) | 481 (26.50) |
| Currently married or living as married | 279 (17.51) | 603 (13.29) | 275 (10.35) |
| Annual income (≤ 5,000 USD vs. > 5,000 USD) | 592 (37.16) | 1,609 (35.46) | 1,237 (46.57) |
| Currently employed full-time | 56 (3.52) | 181 (3.99) | 146 (5.50) |
| Incarceration | 618 (38.79) | 1,454 (32.05) | 1,143 (43.03) |
| Homelessness | 1,000 (62.77) | 2,479 (54.64) | 1,796 (67.62) |
| Daily injection drug use | 301 (18.90) | 1,107 (24.40) | 840 (31.63) |
| Injection-related risk behavior | 1,019 (63.97) | 2,668 (58.81) | 1,812 (68.22) |
| Binge drinking | 859 (53.92) | 2,530 (55.76) | 1,451 (54.63) |
| Non-injection drug use | 1,121 (70.37) | 3,256 (71.77) | 2,239 (84.30) |
| Receipt of free clean syringes | 716 (44.95) | 1,776 (39.14) | 1,253 (47.14) |
| Ever received alcohol or drug treatment | 1,168 (73.32) | 3,411 (75.18) | 2,171 (81.74) |
| Condomless sex | 1,108 (69.60) | 3,106 (68.50) | 1,903 (71.70) |
| Exchanged sex for drugs or money | 322 (20.21) | 1,205 (26.56) | 556 (20.93) |
| Receipt of free condoms | 763 (47.90) | 2,366 (52.16) | 1,299 (48.91) |
| Negative result on most recent HIV test | 1,232 (77.34) | 3,497 (77.08) | 2,088 (78.61) |
| Positive result on most recent HIV test | 70 (4.39) | 301 (6.63) | 111 (4.18) |
Note: estimates for men who had sex with men, drug treatment, condomless sex, and receipt of free condoms do not add up to 100% due to missing observations
Refer to table 1 for definitions of place characteristics measured at MSA, county, and ZIP code levels and participant characteristics
“Plurality” guidelines from the Federal Office of Management and Budget were used to group Non-Hispanic biracial participants to the white and black racial categories. See the following citation for additional information: OMB. Provisional guidance on the implementation of the 1997 standards for federal data on race and ethnicity, Executive Office of the President, December 15. : U.S. Office of Management and Budget; 2000.
The Northeast region includes the MSAs of Boston, Massachusetts; Nassau-Suffolk, New York; New York, New York; Newark, New Jersey; and Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. South region includes Atlanta, Georgia; Baltimore, Maryland; Dallas, Texas; Houston, Texas; Miami, Florida; New Orleans, Louisiana; and District of Columbia. Midwest region includes Chicago, Illinois and Detroit, Michigan. West region includes Denver, Colorado; Los Angeles, California; San Diego, California; San Francisco, California; and Seattle, Washington.