Table 2.

Risk Factors for Osteoporotic Fractures (Level II)

Low bone mass (by Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry or ultrasound)

Female gender*

Older age*

Maternal history of fracture

History of previous fractures*

History of falls in the last 12 months

Low body weight*

Oral glucocorticoids at a dose of ≥5 mg prednisolone (or equivalent) for more than 3 months

Alcohol intake of ≥30 g/day

Current smoking

Previous hyperthyroidism

Diabetes mellitus

Vision loss

Psychotropic medication use

Postural instability*

Male residents*

Low serum vitamin D*

Bowel or bladder incontinence*

Cognitive impairment*

Poorer balance*

Ambulatory*

^*Higher hazard ratio in institutionalized older persons versus community dwelling individuals.

Adapted from Chen et al.¹⁹