Table 1.

Longitudinal Studies of the Relation Between Positive Emotionality and Depression

	Sample Characteristics							Effect Sizes
Study	N	Time lag in months	Age	Sample Type	Positive Emotionality Construct	Trait or State	Inter-assessment change	Cross- sectionala	PE ➔ Da	PE ➔ D, controlledb	D ➔PEa	D ➔ PE, controlledb
Bardi & Ryff, 2007	280	8	Adult	Other	Extraversion	Trait	Yes	−.24	−.26	−.15
Beran, 2009	79	6	Adult	Physical health	Extraversion	Trait	No	−.30	−.20	−.01
Billstedt et al., 2014	274	288	Adult	Other	Extraversion	Trait	No	−.15			−.12	−.03
Bornstein, 2003	255	3	Adult	Other	Extraversion	Trait	No	−.46	−.37	−.13
Brown, 2007c	197	12	Adult	Clinical	Positive Affect	Trait	Yes	−.46	−.35	−.10	−.35	−.03
Buffington, 2012c	236	2	Adult	Other	Positive Affect	Trait	No	−.41	−.42	−.21
Chien et al., 2007	1,348	12	Adult	Other	Extraversion	Trait	No	−.19	−.14	−.03
Christie, 2011	153	4	Adult	Physical health	Positive Affect	State	No	−.68	−.33	−.01	−.36	.10
Coleman & Neimeyer, 2010	99	12	Adult	Other	Positive Affect	State	No	−.30	−.35	−.18	−.33	−.15
De Bolle et al., 2011	150	12	Child/Ad	Clinical	Positive Affect	Trait	Yes	−.44	−.25	.04	−.23	−.05
Dill, 2005	1,146	12	Child/Ad	Other	Extraversion	State	Yes	−.38	−.23	−.09	−.22	−.05
Duberstein et al., 2008	223	60	Adult	Other	Extraversion	Trait	No	−.09	−.19	−.15
Fox, 2010	131	12	Child/Ad	Other	Positive Affect	Trait	No	−.19	−.03	.06
García-Peña et al., 2013	2,352	12	Adult	Other	Positive Affect	State	No	−.43	−.34	−.08	−.48	−.44
Gershuny & Sher, 1998	466	36	Adult	Other	Extraversion	Trait	No	−.08	−.08	−.05
Gudiño et al., 2012	159	6	Child/Ad	Other	BAS	Trait	No	.16	.08	−.01
Haase et al., 2012	752	12	Adult	Other	Positive Affect	State	Yes	−.37	−.26	−.10	−.30	−.17
Hart & Charles, 2013	59	6	Adult	Physical health	Positive Affect	State	Yes	−.49	−.34	−.05	−.17	.03
Hou et al., 2010	215	3	Adult	Physical health	Positive Affect	State	Yes	−.72	−.43	−.25	−.44	−.18
Joiner & Lonigan, 2000	33	2	Child/Ad	Clinical	Positive Affect	Trait	Yes	−.67	−.14	.29
Joiner, 1994	96	1	Adult	Other	Positive Affect	State	No	−.53	−.24	−.00	−.28	−.05
Joiner, 1995	97	1	Adult	Other	Positive Affect	State	No	−.31	−.18	−.04	−.16	−.03
Joiner, 1997	172	1	Adult	Other	Positive Affect	State	No	−.52	−.52	−.18	−.36	−.04
Jorm et al., 2000	433	43	Adult	Other	Extraversion	Trait	No	−.12	−.08	−.02
Jylhä et al., 2012	142	6	Adult	Clinical	Extraversion	Trait	Yes	−.18	−.20	−.16	−.08	.05
Karademas & Tsaousis, 2014	115	3	Adult	Physical health	Extraversion	Trait	No	−.51	−.36	−.08
Keyes et al., 2010	1,725	120	Adult	Other	Positive Affect	State	No	−.27	−.19	−.11	−.09	−.02
Klimstra et al., 2010	1,060	12	Child/Ad	Other	Extraversion	Trait	No	−.30	−.22	−.09	−.15	.02
Langer et al., 2014	93	6	Adult	Other	Positive Affect	State	No	−.11	−.12	−.08	−.09	−.02
Langer et al., 2014	336	6	Adult	Physical health	Positive Affect	State	No	−.04	−.07	−.05	−.12	−.10
Lengua, 2003	83	12	Child/Ad	Other	Positive Affect	Trait	No	−.07	−.01	.02	−.08	−.05
Loh et al., 2014	107	3	Adult	Other	Positive Affect	Trait	No	−.56	−.47	−.07	−.51	−.17
Lonigan et al., 2003	270	7	Child/Ad	Other	Positive Affect	Trait	No	−.38	−.35	−.10	−.32	−.09
Marques et al., 2011	382	6	Adult	Other	Positive Affect	State	Yes	−.35	−.22	−.06
Mascaro & Rosen, 2005	191	2	Adult	Other	Extraversion	Trait	No	−.42	−.25	.04	−.29	.04
McIntosh et al., 2013	759	38	Adult	Other	Extraversion	Trait	No	−.42	−.36	−.09
Meeks et al., 2012	441	6	Adult	Other	Positive Affect	State	No	−.43	−.34	−.10	−.30	−.11
Mezulis et al., 2011	423	24	Child/Ad	Other	Extraversion	Trait	No	−.07	.04	.07
Naragon-Gainey et al., 2013c	810	6	Adult	Clinical	Positive Affect	Trait	Yes	−.49	−.40	−.13	−.44	−.13
O’Neill et al., 2004	101	2	Adult	Other	Positive Affect	State	No	−.29	−.13	.01
Parrish et al., 2011	93	2	Adult	Other	Positive Affect	Trait	No	.03	−.01	−.03	.00	−.02
Poon & Knight, 2013	337	36	Adult	Other	Positive Affect	State	No	−.29	−.17	−.03	−.27	−.14
Poulin et al., 2009	532	5	Adult	Other	Positive Affect	State	No	−.47	−.35	−.06	−.38	−.09
Prenoveau, 2009	189	12	Child/Ad	Other	Extraversion	Trait	No	−.26	−.14	−.01	−.13	.06
Reddy, 2010	99	12	Adult	Other	Extraversion	Trait	Yes	−.31	−.22	−.10
Robinson-Whelen et al., 2001	143	48	Adult	Other	Positive Affect	State	Yes	−.38	−.49	−.26	−.51	−.33
Robison et al., 2009c	61	6	Adult	Clinical	Extraversion	Trait	Yes	−.41	−.12	.07
Smith et al., 2012	269	18	Adult	Other	Positive Affect	State	No	−.68	−.48	−.07	−.50	−.03
Spinhoven et al., 2011	1,322	12	Adult	Physical health	Extraversion	Trait	Yes	−.36	−.33	−.12
Takahashi et al., 2012	109	1	Adult	Other	BAS	Trait	No	−.34	−.27	−.02	−.33	−.06
Vanhalst et al., 2012	290	12	Child/Ad	Other	Extraversion	Trait	No	−.12	−.09	−.02
Verstraeten et al., 2009	249	12	Child/Ad	Other	Positive Affect	Trait	No	−.36	−.32	−.16
Vliegen et al., 2013	41	42	Adult	Clinical	Positive Affect	Trait	Yes	−.53	−.38	−.21	−.38	−.07
Voelz et al., 2001	63	2	Adult	Other	Positive Affect	State	No	−.40	−.18	−.03	−.14	.15
Weinstein et al., 2007	466	6	Child/Ad	Other	Positive Affect	State	No	−.29	−.27	−.06	−.30	−.10
Weiss et al., 2009	659	12	Adult	Other	Extraversion	Trait	Yes	−.26	−.26	−.11
Wetter & Hankin, 2009	345	5	Child/Ad	Other	Missing	Trait	No	−.47	−.35	−.04
Yang et al., 2008	2,773	12	Child/Ad	Other	Extraversion	Trait	No	−.23	−.16	−.02
Zdanowicz et al., 2012d	20	6		Other	Extraversion	Trait	No	.34	.07	−.12

Note. Child/Ad = child/adolescent; PE = Positive Emotionality; D = depression; N = number of participants; Time lag in months = time between the first and second assessment; Age = age of sample; Sample type = the type of sample (Clinical = sample recruited from inpatient or outpatient mental health clinics; Physical health = sample recruited from inpatient or outpatient physical health clinics); Positive Emotionality Construct = type of Positive Emotionality construct assessed; Trait or State = whether Positive Emotionality was assessed using a trait or a state measure; Inter-assessment change = whether the sample likely experienced change between assessments.

^aCorrelation coefficient.

^bStandardized regression coefficient.

^cStudy included a non-primary BAS measure that was utilized for the “Positive Emotionality construct” moderation analysis.

^dZdanowicz et al., 2012 included both adolescents and adults.