Table 2.

Longitudinal Studies of the Relation Between Positive Emotionality and Anxiety

	Sample Characteristics							Effect Sizes
Study	N	Time lag in months	Age	Sample Type	Positive Emotionality Construct	Trait or State	Inter-assessment change	Cross- sectionala	PE ➔ Aa	PE ➔ A, controlledb	A ➔PEa	A ➔ PE, controlledb
Avey et al., 2011	128	4	Adult	Other	Positive Affect	State	No	−.14	−.09	−.02	−.03	.04
Bardi & Ryff, 2007	280	8	Adult	Other	Extraversion	Trait	Yes	−.09	−.09	−.05
Benyamini & Roziner, 2008	525	60	Adult	Other	Positive Affect	Trait	No	−.34	−.26	−.09	−.23	−.06
de Beurs et al., 2005	1,694	36	Adult	Other	Positive Affect	State	No	−.45	−.31	−.08	−.32	−.14
De Bolle et al., 2011	150	12	Child/Ad	Clinical	Positive Affect	Trait	Yes	−.34	−.18	.04	−.20	−.06
Dill, 2005	1,146	5	Child/Ad	Other	Extraversion	State	No	−.08	−.14	−.10	−.12	−.07
Festen et al., 2013	78	3	Child/Ad	Clinical	Extraversion	Trait	No	−.28	−.29	−.08
Fox, 2010	131	12	Child/Ad	Other	Positive Affect	Trait	No	−.25	−.06	.02
García-Peña et al., 2013	2,352	12	Adult	Other	Positive Affect	State	No	−.34	−.29	−.10	−.30	−.23
Gershuny & Sher, 1998	466	36	Adult	Other	Extraversion	Trait	No	−.04	−.03	−.01
Gudiño et al., 2012	159	6	Child/Ad	Other	BAS	Trait	No	.21	.10	−.01
Hou et al., 2010	215	3	Adult	Physical health	Positive Affect	State	Yes	−.54	−.29	−.10	−.33	−.09
Joiner & Lonigan, 2000	33	2	Child/Ad	Clinical	Positive Affect	Trait	Yes	−.39	.03	.21
Joiner, 1994	96	1	Adult	Other	Positive Affect	State	No	−.14	−.13	−.06	−.14	−.08
Joiner, 1995	97	1	Adult	Other	Positive Affect	State	No	.07	−.04	−.07	−.04	−.07
Jorm et al., 2000	433	43	Adult	Other	Extraversion	Trait	No	−.00	.03	.04
Jylhä et al., 2012	142	6	Adult	Clinical	Extraversion	Trait	Yes	−.14	−.11	−.04	−.05	.05
Karademas & Tsaousis, 2014	115	3	Adult	Physical health	Extraversion	Trait	No	−.46	−.23	.03
Lonigan, et al., 2003	270	7	Child/Ad	Other	Positive Affect	Trait	No	−.30	−.22	−.01	−.32	−.14
McIntosh et al., 2013	759	38	Adult	Other	Extraversion	Trait	No	−.22	−.20	−.05
Poulin et al., 2009	532	5	Adult	Other	Positive Affect	State	No	−.33	−.23	−.03	−.25	−.04
Salsman et al., 2009	55	3	Adult	Physical health	Positive Affect	State	No	−.77	−.74	−.49	−.62	−.12
Spinhoven et al., 2011	1,322	12	Adult	Physical health	Extraversion	Trait	Yes	−.14	−.20	−.12
Van Dijk et al., 2013	212	6	Adult	Other	Positive Affect	State	Yes	−.32	−.21	−.02	−.19	−.09
Vliegen et al., 2013	41	42	Adult	Clinical	Positive Affect	Trait	Yes	−.53	−.45	−.13	−.56	−.32
Voelz et al., 2001	63	2	Adult	Other	Positive Affect	State	No	−.08	−.23	−.19	−.01	.04

Note. Child/Ad = child/adolescent; PE = Positive Emotionality; A = anxiety; N = number of participants; Time lag in months = time between the first and second assessment; Age = age of sample; Sample type = the type of sample (Clinical = sample recruited from inpatient or outpatient mental health clinics; Physical health = sample recruited from inpatient or outpatient physical health clinics); Positive Emotionality Construct = type of Positive Emotionality construct assessed; Trait or State = whether Positive Emotionality was assessed using a trait or a state measure; Inter-assessment change = whether the sample likely experienced change between assessments. See Supplementary Table 2 for a machine-readable version of Table 2.

^aCorrelation coefficient.

^bStandardized regression coefficient.