Table 4.

Effect Sizes for the Relation Between Positive Emotionality (PE) and Anxiety (A)

Variable	k	N	Effect size	95% CI	τ2	I2
Cross-sectionala	25c	9,800	−.24	[−.31, −.17]	0.03	90.77
Prospective, PE ➔ Aa	26	11,494	−.19	[−.23, −.14]	0.01	83.01
Prospective, controlled PE ➔ Ab	26	11,494	−.06	[−.09, −.04]	0.00	30.18
Prospective, A ➔ PEa	16	7,718	−.23	[−.29, −.17]	0.01	81.22
Prospective, controlled A ➔ PEb	15d	5,366	−.09	[−.11, −.06]	0.00	5.97

Note. Computations utilized a random effects model. k = number of studies; N = total number of participants in the k samples; CI = confidence interval; τ² = tau-squared estimate of between-study variance; I² = degree of heterogeneity. All effect sizes are significant at p < .05.

^aCorrelation coefficient.

^bStandardized regression coefficient.

^c1 outlier (de Beurs et al., 2005).

^d1 outlier (García-Peña et al., 2013).