Table 2.

Core intervention modules, proposed process of change, intervention functions and behaviour change techniques (BCTs)

Modules	Key targets	Proposed process of change a	Intervention functions b	BCTs c	Sample text
‘Identity’
Control	• Foster identity change	• Reflective motivation: identity	Persuasion	13.5 Identity associated with changed behaviour	“Building up a new identity as someone for whom smoking is not an option any more is an important part of leaving smoking behind for good.”
Full	• Foster identity change • Prompt positive self-labels, self-images and self-thoughts • Increase salience of identities that do not promote smoking • Prompt identification with positive role models for cessation • Facilitate bonding with the baby	• Reflective motivation: identity; self-esteem; beliefs about consequences • Automatic motivation: desires • Social opportunity: social influence; modelling	Persuasion Modelling	13.5 Identity associated with changed behaviour 13.4 Valued self-identity 13.3 Incompatible beliefs 13.2 Framing/reframing 13.1 Identification of self as a role model 3.1 Social support (unspecified) 9.3 Comparative imagining of future outcomes 15.4 Self talk	“You might feel that smoking has always been a part of who you are, and stopping smoking would mean that you lose something of yourself. Think about what you can gain by making ‘not smoking’ an essential part of your identity. Make a list of all the things about yourself that will not change even if you become a non-smoker.”
‘Stress relief’
Control	• Provide information about smoking and stress • Advise on using stress management techniques	• Psychological capability: knowledge; self-regulation	Education	11.2 Reduce negative emotions 12.6 Body changes	“Bear in mind that smoking does not reduce stress, it simply relieves your withdrawal symptoms.”
Full	• Provide information about smoking and stress • Advise on using stress management techniques • Provide training to perform a brief breathing exercise • Prompt planning to cope with stress without smoking	• Psychological capability: knowledge; self-regulation; skills; memory processes; planning • Reflective motivation: beliefs about consequences	Education Training Enablement	11.2 Reduce negative emotions 12.6 Body changes 1.2 Problem solving 1.4 Action planning 8.3 Habit formation 11.3 Conserving mental resources	“Here are 3 top tips to reduce your stress without smoking. Try them out the next time you begin to feel stressed.”
‘Health effects’
Control	• Provide information about the health effects of smoking and benefits of cessation	• Psychological capability: knowledge • Automatic motivation: desires	Education Persuasion	5.1 Information about health consequences	“By stopping smoking completely during pregnancy […] your baby is less likely to be born too early with a low birth weight.”
Full	• Provide information about the health effects of smoking and benefits of cessation • Address misconceptions about the effects of smoking	• Psychological capability: knowledge • Automatic motivation: desires • Reflective motivation: beliefs about consequences	Education Persuasion	5.1 Information about health consequences 5.3 Information about social and environmental consequences 5.6 Information about emotional consequences	“Delivering a baby with a low birth weight is the main pregnancy complication known to be linked with both active and passive smoking. The less you smoke, the greater your chances of having a normal birth are.”
‘Face-to-face’
Control	• Provide information about sources of support and how to access them	• Psychological capability: knowledge	Education	3.1 Social support (unspecified)	“One of the most effective ways of stopping smoking is by getting support from an expert stop smoking advisor.”
Full	• Provide information about sources of support and how to access them • Provide ready access to support in the localities • Address misconceptions about face-to-face support • Advise on making an appointment	• Psychological capability: knowledge • Environmental opportunity: access to support • Social opportunity: social influence	Education Persuasion Enablement	3.1 Social support (unspecified) 3.2 Social support (practical)	“It’s never too late to change your mind about getting face-to-face support from a stop smoking advisor. Even if you decided not to get support at first, you can always ask your GP or midwife for a referral to your local stop smoking clinic, or contact them yourself.”
‘Behaviour’
Control	• Provide information about sources of urges to smoke • Promote behavioural substitution	• Psychological capability: knowledge; self-regulation	Education	4.2 Information about antecedents 8.2 Behaviour substitution 12.4 Distraction	“Have a think about what you can do instead of smoking. One option might be to play a game on your phone.”
Full	• Provide information about sources of urges to smoke • Promote behavioural substitution • Provide distraction • Prompt planning to cope with urges to smoke	• Psychological capability: knowledge; self-regulation; planning; memory processes • Environmental opportunity: resources • Automatic motivation: habit formation	Education Training Enablement	4.2 Information about antecedents 8.2 Behaviour substitution 12.4 Distraction 1.2 Problem solving 1.4 Action planning 8.3 Habit formation	“Decorate your baby’s room. Search on the internet for ideas then try to do little bits and pieces every time you think about smoking”

^aBased on the COM-B model [38] and PRIME theory [39]; ^bbased on the BCW [24]; ^cselected from the BCTTv1 [54]