Table 1.
Treatment | Effectiveness | Reference | |
---|---|---|---|
Traditional treatment | Calcium channel blockers | Effective; first-line of treatment | Halawa, 2001; Thompson and Pope, 2005 |
PTK inhibitors | Efficient | Furspan et al., 2004, 2005 | |
PDE5 inhibitors | Inefficient | Lee et al., 2014 | |
Beta-blockers | Controversial | Marshall et al., 1976 Koltringer et al., 1991 | |
Statins | Emerging/powerful | Abou-Raya et al., 2008 | |
Prostacyclins | Efficient | Rademaker et al., 1987 | |
ACE inhibitors | Variable effect | Henness and Wigley, 2007 | |
Endothelin receptor antagonists | Variable effect | Poredos and Poredos, 2016 | |
Serotonin receptor antagonists | Effective | Coleiro et al., 2001 | |
Non-Traditional treatment | Botulinum toxin type A | Efficient | Neumeister et al., 2014 |
Chinese herb | Ineffective | Wu et al., 2008 | |
Ginkgo biloba | Ineffective | Muir et al., 2002 | |
Acupuncture | Efficient | Appiah et al., 1997 | |
Laser therapy | Efficient | Hirschl et al., 2004 | |
Surgery | Thoracic sympathectomy | Effective | Coveliers et al., 2011 |
Hand stripping | Effective | Balogh et al., 2002 | |
Nerve stimulation | effective | Kaada, 1982 | |
Fat grafting | Encouraging results | Bank et al., 2014 |
A summary of the traditional and non-traditional therapies, as well as some surgical interventions.