Table 3.

Summary of proposed interventions to decrease GBS burden in HEU infants and their impact and limitations.

Intervention	Impact	Limitations
Intrapartum antibiotic prophylaxis	Decrease of EOD incidence (7)	No impact on LOD incidence (9)
Maternal immunization with a trivalent vaccine (Ia, Ib, III)	Lower maternal and postnatal colonization rate (47)	Only cover specific strains (78)
	Lower incidence of invasive disease (34)	Lower response to vaccine in HIV-infected women (72)
Breastfeeding promotion	IgG/IgA at the level of GI tract can decrease GBS invasion (49, 50, 53)	GBS transmission through breast milk (54)
Antiretroviral treatment before conception with immune restoration	Decreased neonatal immune activation (71)	Higher rate of premature birth associated with some regimens (41)
Less toxic NRTI or NRTI sparing regimen	Preservation of neutrophils count (58–60)