Table 1.
Characteristics (ratios, means, and standard deviations) of the overall sample as well as the three subsamples at t1.
| Total (N = 424) | CG (N = 187) | TGmusic/phon (N = 128) | TGphon (N = 109) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age in months | 54.8 (4.5) | 55.1 (4.8) | 54.4 (4.0) | 54.9 (4.7) |
| Sex (girls) | 51% | 49% | 56% | 47% |
| Language-minority children (yes) | 48% | 46% | 47% | 52% |
| Repeating sentences | 71.62 (22.42) | 70.70 (25.66) | 66.60 (22.77) | |
| Plural/singular composition | 35.27 (20.44) | 39.02 (20.35) | 39.73 (19.94) | |
| Productive lexicon | 63.64 (19.11) | 61.93 (19.43) | 63.22 (18.11) | |
| Receptive lexicon | 62.51 (15.84) | 62.25 (16.34) | 61.22 (15.60) | |
| Musical competencies | 59.38 (19.09) | 58.60 (19.50) | 60.67 (20.57) | |
| Nonverbal cognitive abilities | 25.20 (5.67) | 25.74 (5.49) | 25.56 (6.53) | |
| Working memory | 1.56 (0.95) | 1.55 (0.80) | 1.52 (0.92) | |
| Socioeconomic status HISEI | 51.74 (17.60) | 50.18 (18.11) | 54.51 (19.09) |
Between t1 and t2 the CG and the TGphon formed a combined control group; raw scores are displayed for nonverbal cognitive abilities, working memory, and socioeconomic status. All other scores are displayed in percentages of correct answers; HISEI = Highest International Socio-Economic Index of Occupational Status—see below for further explanation.