Table 1.

Sample characteristics, n = 138

Age (years), mean (SD; min–max)	67 (9.8; 35–80)
Female gender, n (%)	64 (46)
History of falls, n (%)a	38 (28)
History of near falls, n (%)b	48 (35)
History of FOG, n (%)c,d	57 (41)
Severity of disease (H&Y), median (q1–q3; min–max)	2 (2–3; 1–4)
PD-duration (years), mean (SD; min–max)	4 (4.0; 0.1–17)
Motor symptoms (UPDRS part III), median (q1–q3; min–max)	12 (8–18; 1–34)
Comfortable gait speed <1.1 m/s (10MWT), n (%)e	54 (39)
Retropulsion (NRT), n (%)f	36 (26)
Retropulsion (UPDRS, item 30), n (%)g	53 (38)
Abnormal tandem gait (TG), n (%)h	78 (57)
Daily total levodopa equivalent (LDE) dose (mg), median (q1–q3; min–max)i	400 (300–600; 0–1477)

At the time of assessments, 132 participants (96 %) rated their motor status as “on” or “on with dyskinesias” and 6 (4 %) rated it as “off”

FOGQsa, Freezing of Gait Questionnaire, self-administered version; H&Y, Hoehn and Yahr; NRT, Nutt Retropulsion test; PD, Parkinson’s disease; q1–q3, 1st–3rd quartile; SD, standard deviation; TG, Tandem gait; 10MWT, 10-Meter Walk test; m/s, meter per second; UPDRS item 30, Item 30 of Unified PD Rating Scale; UPDRS part III, motor score of the Unified PD Rating Scale

^aDichotomous question (Yes/No): In the last 12 months, have you fallen in such a way that your body hit the ground?

^bDichotomous question (Yes/No): Are you ever close to falling, but you manage to grab on to something/someone at the last minute so that your body does not hit the ground?

^cScores ≥1 on the FOGQsa, item 3 (Do you feel that your feet get glued to the floor while walking, making a turn or when trying to initiate walking (freezing)?) were categorized as having FOG

^dOne missing value

^eTwo missing values

^fScores ≥1 on the NRT (unexpected shoulder pull) were categorized as having retropulsion

^gScores ≥1 on the UPDRS, item 30 (expected shoulder pull) were categorized as having retropulsion

^hScores ≥1 on the TG were categorized as abnormal

ⁱDerived according to Tomlinson et al. [34]