Table 1.
Characteristics of patients at baseline by treatment group*
| Characteristic | Treatment Group |
Difference Between Groups (95% Confidence Interval) | P Value† | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Modified Fitness Counts (n = 24) | Progressive Resistance Training (n = 24) | |||
| Demographic | ||||
| Age, yr | 58.6 ± 5.6 | 59.0 ± 4.6 | −0.4 (−2.6 to 3.4) | 0.78 |
| Sex, no. (%) | ||||
| Male | 14 (58.3) | 14 (58.3) | ||
| Female | 10 (41.7) | 10 (41.3) | ||
| Ethnicity, no. (%)a | 0.19 | |||
| Hispanic or Latino | 5 (20.8) | 1 (4.2) | ||
| Not Hispanic or Latino | 19 (79.2) | 23 (95.8) | ||
| Race, no. (%)a | 0.49 | |||
| African-American | 0 (0) | 2 (8.3) | ||
| White | 24 (100) | 22 (91.7) | ||
| Handedness, no. (%)a | 1.00 | |||
| Right | 22 (91.7) | 23 (95.8) | ||
| Left | 2 (8.3) | 1 (4.2) | ||
| Clinical | ||||
| Years since diagnosis | 6.5 ± 4.7 | 6.5 ± 4.1 | 0.0 (−2.5 to 2.6) | 0.97 |
| Mini-Mental State examination | 29.1 ± 1.4 | 29.3 ± 1.1 | 0.2 (−0.5 to 0.9) | 0.56 |
| Most affected side, no. (%) | 0.5 (0.2–1.6)b | 0.37 | ||
| Right | 17 (70.8) | 13 (54.2) | ||
| Left | 7 (29.2) | 11 (45.8) | ||
| Motor status | ||||
| Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale, part III, motor subscale score (range, 0–108) (primary outcome; off-medication) | 34.7 ± 11.5 | 34.5 ± 11.9 | −0.2 (−7.0 to 6.6) | 0.95 |
| Hoehn and Yahr staging scale (disability; range, 0–5; off-medication) | 2.3 ± 0.53 | 2.2 ± 0.41 | −0.1 (−0.4 to 0.2) | 0.55 |
| Medication§‡ | ||||
| Levodopa equivalent dose | 705 ± 405 | 598 ± 355 | −100 (−125 to 350)c | 0.37 |
| Movement velocity | ||||
| Elbow flexion velocity, °/s; off-medication | 330.3 ± 86.3 | 327.2 ± 79.7 | −3.1 (−51.4 to 45.1) | 0.90 |
| Time to peak velocity, ms; off-medication | 223 ± 55 | 221 ± 67 | −2 (−38 to 34) | 0.93 |
| Muscle activation outcomes | ||||
| Duration of 1st agonist burst, ms | 129.5 ± 48.8 | 123.7 ± 57.4 | −5.8 (−36.8 to 25.1) | 0.71 |
| Magnitude of 1st agonist burst, au; off-medication | 8.8 ± 6.1 | 8.6 ± 6.5 | −0.2 (−3.8 to 3.5) | 0.92 |
| Magnitude of 1st agonist burst normalized to duration of 1st agonist burst, au/ms; off-medication | 0.07 ± 0.04 | 0.08 ± 0.07 | 0.01 (−0.03 to 0.04) | 0.68 |
| Number of agonist bursts during acceleration phase; off-medication | 2.1 ± 0.6 | 2.2 ± 0.7 | 0.1 (−0.3 to 0.5) | 0.47 |
| Magnitude of 1st 30 ms of 1st agonist burst, au; off-medication | 1.5 ± 0.9 | 2.1 ± 2.2 | 0.6 (−0.4 to 1.6) | 0.23 |
| Magnitude of agonist burst, au; off-medication | 15.6 ± 11 | 19.4 ± 14.1 | 3.8 (−3.6 to 11.1) | 0.31 |
| Magnitude of the antagonist burst, au; off-medication | 9.5 ± 3.9 | 9.3 ± 5.5 | −0.2 (−3 to 2.6) | 0.89 |
| Cocontraction during acceleration; off-medication | 44.1 ± 18.4 | 39.4 ± 19 | −4.7 (−15.6 to 6.2) | 0.39 |
| Cocontraction during deceleration; off-medication | 48.9 ± 12.9 | 49.9 ± 13.8 | −1 (−6.7 to 8.8) | 0.79 |
| Strength | ||||
| Elbow flexion torque, Nm; off-medication | 50.2 ± 17.8 | 47.6 ± 15.7 | −2.6 (12.4–7.2) | 0.60 |
| Elbow extension torque, Nm; off-medication | 30.9 ± 11.8 | 27.1 ± 7.2 | 3.8 (−1.9 to 9.5) | 0.19 |
*
Plus-minus values are means ± 1 SD.
†
P values calculated with the use of t-tests for continuous variables and Fisher exact test for binary variables unless mentioned otherwise.
‡
P values calculated with the use of Wilcoxon rank-sum test.
§
Medication is measured in levodopa equivalent units in milligrams per day.
a
Confidence intervals not estimated for binary variables if total frequency (combined groups) is <10.
b
Mantel-Haenszel estimate of the common odds ratio for binary variables. If 1 is contained within the confidence interval, then there is no difference between groups.
c
Hodges-Lehmann estimate of location shift. All P values are 2-sided.