Fear generalization as a function of conditioning procedure. (A) Three training procedures were compared in Experiment 3. Three-shock foreground conditioning (Fore. ×3; n = 24) was equated with background conditioning (Back.; n = 23) with respect to the number and timing of shocks, while one-shock foreground conditioning (Fore. ×1; n = 24) was equated with background conditioning in terms of the amount of contextual fear produced. (B) Mice were trained in Context A and tested in both A and an alternate context (S or RFS). (C) Mean freezing during test sessions for mice tested with alternate context RFS as a function of training procedure. Mice froze more in A than in RFS, and Foreground ×3 conditioning produced higher levels of freezing than did the other procedures (P’s ≤ 0.001). (D) Mean freezing during test sessions for mice tested with alternate context S as a function of training procedure. Mice froze more in A than in S, and Foreground ×3 conditioning produced higher levels of freezing than did the other procedures (P’s ≤ 0.001). (E) Mean freezing during test sessions as a function of alternate context. Pairwise post hoc comparisons confirmed that freezing was higher in Context S than in Context RFS (P = 0.042), but freezing in Context A did not differ between groups (P = 0.125). (F) Mean freezing during test sessions as a function of test order. Pairwise post hoc comparisons confirmed that freezing in the alternate contexts was lower in mice receiving the A → Alt. order than in those receiving the Alt → A order (P = 0.033), whereas freezing in A was not affected by test order (P = 0.998). Error bars represent ±1 SEM. (*) P < 0.05.