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. 2016 Nov 16;6:36546. doi: 10.1038/srep36546

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Copyright © 2016, The Author(s)

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Sorption and removal of Cu (a), Pb (b), and Cd (c) by the beads under different initial metal concentrations, and effects of bead size on sorption and removal of Cu (d), Pb (e), and Cd (f). To determine the sorption and removal of the metals under different initial metal concentration, 3.2 mm diameter beads were pre-cultured for 48 h by shaking at 200 rpm in LPD and thoroughly rinsed in sterilized water before sorption. The sorption was conducted in a single metal (70 mg/L) solution of unadjusted natural pH and containing 5 g beads by shaking for 3 h at 200 rpm at 32 °C. To assay the effects of bead size on sorption and removal of the metals, the beads were pre-cultured for 48 h by shaking at 200 rpm in LPD and then fully rinsed by sterilized water before sorption. The sorption was conducted following the above-indicated procedures with conditions except the bead size. Each datum in the Figure was the average mean ± SD from three parallel independent experiments. LPD, liquid potato dextrose. PVA, polyvinyl alcohol. SA, sodium alginate. SD, standard deviation.