Table 2.
Medicinal plant used at sub-division Ladha of South Waziristan agency. FC = Frequency of citation, UV = Use value
| Family | Plant species/Family name/Voucher No | Local names (Pashto language) | Part(s) used | Medicinal uses | UV | FC |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Aizoaceae | Portulaca oleracea L./KUSBT-511 | Sormai | Aerial parts | Juice of the plant has diuretic effect and is considered valuable in treating urinary tract infections and gastrointestinal disorders such as diarrhea and dysentery. The seeds of the herb are vormifuge and demulcent. | 0.87 | 24 |
| Alliaceae | Allium cepa L./KUSBT-512 | Pyoz | Bulb | Juice of the herb is used for treatment of gastrointestinal problems. It is also used as diuretic and expectorant. For the treatment of cough, bulb is wrap in cloth and worn like a necklace. | 39.00 | 9 |
| Amaranthaceae | Amaranthus viridis L./KUSBT-513 | Ranzaka | Leaves | It is used as vegetable and fodder for cattle. The powder of Leaves and seeds are mixed with half weight of sugar and then a spoon of this mixture is given with black tea to the children three times daily for the treatment of constipation. Leaves are given as emollient and are used for scorpion sting, snakebite and as anthelmintic. | 0.33 | 11 |
| Anacardiaceae | Pistacia chinensis Bunge//KUSBT-514 | Shrewaniay | Fruit | Galls used in native medicine, fruit oily and edible. Leaves powder is applied topically on ulcers and chronic sores. Poultice of slightly roasted Leaves is applied to inflamed swellings and rheumatic joints. | 0.41 | 15 |
| Arecaceae | Nannorrhops ritchieana (Griff.) Aitch./KUSBT-515 | Mazarai | Leaves | The decoction of leaves is used as stomachic. | 0.29 | 10 |
| Asclepiadaceae | Caralluma tuberculata N.E.Br./KUSBT-516 | Pamanai | Whole plant | The plant is effective in the treatment of different kinds of diseases such as dysentery, constipation, hepatitis B and C and stomach pain. It is also effective in diabetes and also used to control blood pressure. | 0.67 | 18 |
| Asteraceae | Cichorium intybus L./KUSBT-517 | Speen gul | Whole plant | Plant’s decoction is effective in the treatment of liver disorders and urinary tract infections. The herb is used as tonic, laxative and diuretic. Diarrhea is also treated with the plant. | 0.44 | 21 |
| Asteraceae | Lactuca serriola L./KUSBT-518 | Salad | Whole plant | Cough, bronchitis, asthma and pertussis are treated by using the herb. It is also diuretic, sedative, diaphoretic and antispasmodic. | 0.87 | 24 |
| Asteraceae | Taraxacum officinale (L.) Weber ex F.H.Wigg./KUSBT-519 | Zeer gul | Whole plant | This herb is used as tonic having nutritive properties. It is strong stomachic and diuretic. The infusion of the herb is use for liver disorders. It is also efficient in dropsy, arthritis and rheumatism. Roots have laxative properties. | 0.46 | 9 |
| Asteraceae | Xanthium spinosum L./KUSBT-520 | Spin aghzai | Whole plant | This herb is used medicinally as diuretic, sedative and diaphoretic. | 0.27 | 12 |
| Asteraceae | Xanthium strumarium L./KUSBT-521 | Tatasai | Fruit, Roots, seeds | Powder of seeds fruits and roots are demulcent and are used in stomach disorders. | 0.22 | 9 |
| Berberidaceae | Berberis lycium Royle/KUSBT-522 | De wrogha betai | Bark, Leaves, root | The roots of the plant are effective in the treatment of Skin diseases, piles and chronic diarrhea. Bark and Leaves are used as antiseptic and as tonic. To treat jaundice, mostly Leaves are used. Fruit is taken orally for the treatment of kidney problems. Decoction of root is a good remedy which is used as a purgative for the children and also used as blood purifier. | 0.85 | 24 |
| Brassicaceae | Lepidium draba L./KUSBT-523 | Zangali meelay | Seed | Seeds of the plant are carminative. Mostly the plant is used as tonic and stomachic. | 0.15 | 12 |
| Brassicaceae | Raphanus sativus L./KUSBT-524 | Meelay | Leaves | To cure jaundice, urinary tract infections and piles, fresh and young roots are eaten. Leaves work as diuretic and laxative. | 0.67 | 18 |
| Cannabinaceae | Cannabis sativa L./KUSBT-525 | Bhangay | Flowering stems of female plants leaves, | Marijuana is the famous drug prepared traditionally from the plant. Fresh and young Leaves of the female plant are dried and grinded to make powder and is taken orally with water, milk and sweet to get cooling effect. The plant is also used to treat urinary tract diseases. The plant is also used in various medications in order to treat asthma, depression, insomnia and depression due to its sedative and analgesic effects. | 0.80 | 10 |
| Chenopodiaceae | Chenopodium album L./KUSBT-526 | Spin Sormei | Whole plant | Plant is diuretic, aphrodisiac, appetizer and used as tonic. Abdominal pain is also treated with the herb. the plant is also ant helmentic and is effective in the treatment of liver disorders, jaundice. The young shoots of the plant is soaked in a glass of water for 3–5 h and then the filtrate is used orally to treat kidney pain. To remove the kidney stones, half glass of the above filtrate is mixed with equal amount to the extract of corn hair and is taken orally. | 0.89 | 11 |
| Compositae | Artemisia scoparia Waldst. & Kitam./KUSBT-527 | Tarkha | Whole plant | Infusion is used as purgative. To treat burns smoke is a good remedy. Also relieve ear pain. | 0.33 | 3 |
| Compositae | Aster trinervius Roxb. ex Roxb./KUSBT-528 | - | Root | Root of the plant is useful in the treatment of pulmonary infections and cough. Hemorrhage is also treated. Seed decoction is used for obstructed menstruation. | 0.60 | 5 |
| Compositae | Conyza canadensis (L.) Cronquist/KUSBT-529 | - | Whole plant | Plant has diuretic and stimulant properties. | 0.10 | 3 |
| Compositae | Tagetes patula L./KUSBT-530 | Zear-gullai | Fruit | Fruit is used for cooling agent, and as demulcent. | 0.27 | 2 |
| Convolvolaceae | Convolvulus arvensis L./KUSBT-531 | Parwathiay | Leaves, root | The roots are dried, crushed and taken orally one or two spoon as purgative. The herb is used for skin infections. Leaves are use as poultice and as antiseptic. Leaves decoction is made up which is used two spoon daily for the regulation of abnormal menstrual cycle in woman. | 0.47 | 4 |
| Cucurbitaceae | Citrullus colocynthis (L.) Schrad./KUSBT-532 | Maraghenaiy | Fruit, seeds | Juice is extracted from the plant and is mixed with sugar and is taken in dropsy. This mixture is also used externally on skin during leukoderma. Oil is extract from the seeds and used topically on skin during snake bite. Honey is mixed with the grinded fruit making Tarkha Halwa which is taken 3 to 4 teaspoon thrice a day for stomach problems and expel worms. | 0.73 | 7 |
| Cupressaceae | Cupressus sempervirens L./KUSBT-533 | Servay | Fruit, root, seeds, | Fruit is given to animals to produce cooling effect. Seeds and root/decoction is used for gastrointestinal diseases. | 0.27 | 2 |
| Fabaceae | Alhagi maurorum Medik./KUSBT-534 | Sobena betai | Whole plant | Plant is expectorant, laxative, anti-diarrheal and antiseptic. Exudation obtained from the branches and Leaves is used as blood purifier. Roots of the plant are dried and grinded into powder and then take two grams of the powder with water daily for 2 weeks in order to treat kidneys problems. | 0.64 | 8 |
| Fabaceae | Astragalus creticus Lam./KUSBT-535 | Aghazai | Aerial parts | Arial parts of the plant have sedative effect and are used as tonic. | 0.33 | 3 |
| Fabaceae | Astragalus grahamianus Benth./KUSBT-536 | Aghzai | Whole plant | The herb is a good analgesic agent and also used in the treatment of abscesses. | 0.20 | 2 |
| Fabaceae | Astragalus membranaceus (Fisch.) Bunge/KUSBT-537 | Aghzia | Root | The roots of the plant are used as and vasodilator. | 0.19 | 3 |
| Fabaceae | Sophora mollis (Royle) Baker/KUSBT-538 | Ghuger | Leaves, roots, seeds | Medicinally the root of the plant is used as cooling agent and as a diuretic. Leaves and seeds are used for gastrointestinal diseases urinary tract infections, eczema and are used as anthelmintic, to kill the abdominal worms. | 0.69 | 7 |
| Fabaceae | Trifolium pratense L./KUSBT-539 | Jangali Shautala | Flower | Flowers heads of the herb are used to cure skin infection. The herb is a good antispasmodic and expectorant. It also has estrogenic effect helping in the control of menopausal complaints. | 0.46 | 4 |
| Fagaceae | Quercus dilatata A.Kern./KUSBT-540 | Ghora tsarray | Fruit, leaves | The corns are roasted and eaten and are used as tonic. | 0.26 | 2 |
| Fumariaceae | Fumaria indica (Hausskn.) Pugsley/KUSBT-541 | Paparie | Whole plant | Extract of the whole plant is used for the production of cooling effect. The plant is diuretic, diaphoretic. | 0.68 | 8 |
| Geraniaceae | Geranium wallichianum D.Don ex Sweet/KUSBT-542 | Ranjot | Rhizome | To lower the blood pressure and to treat the leucorrhea, rhizome of the plant is used. The rhizome is also used as a source of tonic and also helps in treating rheumatism. | 0.53 | 6 |
| Juglandaceae | Juglans regia L./KUSBT-543 | Matak | Fruit, root | Kernels are eaten raw to gain weight, also used as brain tonic. Root bark and Leaves are used for teeth cleaning. | 0.65 | 5 |
| Labiatae | Marubium vulgare L./KUSBT-544 | Qurashka | Whole plant | The plant is used as tonic. It has also expectorant and diuretic properties and is used for pulmonary problem. Used in cold fever. | 0.60 | 7 |
| Labiatae | Mentha aquatica L./KUSBT-545 | Podina | Whole plant | Decoction of the herb is used to treat digestive problems and cough. The herb is carminative and is used for flatulence. | 0.80 | 9 |
| Labiatae | Mentha longifolia (L.) L./KUSBT-546 | Valanai | Leaves | Leaves decoction has carminative properties. Leaves are also employed for rheumatic pain, nausea, sickness and vomiting. Leaves of the herb are also a good remedy for the treatment of diarrhea, dysentery. Leaves powder are mixed with water and are used for stomach pain and also for cooling effect. | 0.87 | 10 |
| Labiatae | Nepeta cataria L./KUSBT-547 | Chemjan betai | Whole plant | Leaves and flowering tops are dried and used as carminative agent, diaphoretic, refrigerant. Leaves are boiled and tea is prepared from it which is useful cold and fever. The tea also gives sedative effect. | 0.49 | 7 |
| Labiatae | Perowskia atriplicifolia Benth/KUSBT-548 | Sansubai | Flower | Flowers are soaked in water and the water is applied to the body of the patient to produce cooling effect in fever. | 0.31 | 3 |
| Labiatae | Stachy parviflora benth./KUSBT-549 | - | Leaves, stem | The bruised stem and Leaves are anthelmintic and are useful for intestinal worms | 0.41 | 3 |
| Labiatae | Teucrium stocksianum Boiss./KUSBT-550 | Kastori | Whole plant | Whole of the plant water boiled and left for overnight. The water is then decanted and is taken for the treatment of cold. It is also used in cases of heart pain. | 0.36 | 2 |
| Labiatae | Thymus mongolicus (Ronniger) Ronniger/KUSBT-551 | Marvezay | Whole plant | The herb has many medicinal properties such as it is used as carminative, as a tonic, antispasmodic. it improve poor vision. It is also used for stomach and liver problems also suppress urine and menstruation. Seeds are used as vermifuge. | 0.90 | 11 |
| Labiatae | Thymus linearis Benth./KUSBT-553 | Gulapi beetai | Leaves | Leaves are used to cure cough, and asthma and expel worms from the abdomen. The Leaves have also antiseptic values. | 0.31 | 4 |
| Liliaceae | Allium ascalonicum L./KUSBT-554 | Ghandana | Bulb | For the treatment of ear pain the extract of the bulb is used. | 0.20 | 2 |
| Liliaceae | Allium carolinianum DC./KUSBT-555 | Jangali pyoz | Bulbs, leaves | Both of the plant parts are effective in cough and fever. | 0.38 | 2 |
| Liliaceae | Tulipa lehmanniana Merckl./KUSBT-556 | Shamdai | Flower | The flower of the herbs are given to goat for increase lactation | 0.27 | 3 |
| Malvaceae | Hibiscus trionum L./KUSBT-557 | Khatool | Flowers, leaves | Flowers are sunken in water and the infusion is helpful in treating skin ailments, itching. The infusion has also used as diuretic. Leaves are dried and are eaten to avoid the stomach pain. | 0.47 | 4 |
| Malvaceae | Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench/KUSBT-558. | Bhenday | Fruit, leaves, seeds | Poultice is prepared from its Leaves and is used externally to stop irritation and treat swellings and pains. Mucilage of the fruit and seeds is a useful remedy for the treatment of irritations occurs inside the genitor urinary system. | 0.40 | 4 |
| Malvaceae | Malva neglecta Wallr./KUSBT-559 | Tikalai | Seeds | Seeds are crushed and are used to cure cough and ulcer inside the bladder. | 0.27 | 2 |
| Malvaceae | Malva parviflora L./KUSBT-560 | Tikalai | Leaves, root, seeds | Seeds are used in cough and in the treatment of ulcer inside the bladder. Leaf decoction is a good remedy for the expulsion of tap worm and profuse menstruation. Underground part is bruised and washed which is grinded to make fine powder then 2 g of the powder is taken and is wrapped inside the butter, eaten after dinner for sex tonic. Plant is also used as laxative. | 0.53 | 3 |
| Malvaceae | Malva pusilla Sm./KUSBT-561 | Nagankai | Leaves, seeds | Leaves are applied externally to treat to scurvy and reckoned useful in piles. Seeds of the herb are used to treat skin diseases and also used in the treatment of cough, bronchitis inflammation of bladder. | 0.60 | 6 |
| Malvaceae | Withania coagulans (Stocks) Dunal/KUSBT-562 | Shapianga | Fruit, leaves, seed | Dried fruit are very efficient for dyspepsia and flatulence. Fruit is crushed and the powder is taken orally daily with a glass of water to avoid the stomach ache. To treat gass trouble, 2 or 3 seeds of the herbs are taken after meal. Seeds and fruits of the plant are used to treat digestive problems, diabetes and gastritis. | 0.84 | 11 |
| Moraceae | Ficus carica L./KUSBT-563 | Togha | Fruit | Fruits of the plant are eaten in constipation because of demulcent and laxative properties. Ripened fruit of the plant are crushed mixing with a glass of curd and is taken to relieve constipation. Fruit is also useful for the treatment of diabetes, urinary tract diseases and piles. | 0.79 | 7 |
| Moraceae | Morus alba L./KUSBT-564 | Teeth | Fruit, leaves | Fruit of the plant have laxative properties used to relieve constipation. Leaves are expectorant and are also used to treat the fever, throat infection. | 0.55 | 6 |
| Moraceae | Morus nigra L./KUSBT-565 | Thor Teeth | Fruit | Fruit has a unique test and is eaten by the local people. the fruit is useful in expelling the worm from the abdomen and useful in treating the disease of bad thorax. | 0.30 | 3 |
| Myrataceae | Eucalyptus globulus Labill./KUSBT-566 | Sofaida | Leaves | the Leaves of the plant are given to diabetic patient. | 0.20 | 2 |
| Nitrariaceae | Peganum harmala L. KUSBT-567 | Sponda | Aerial parts | Seeds are crushed and then they are used to treat colic, asthma, jaundice. They are also anthelmentic. Seeds are antispasmodic, narcotic. Decoction is made from the seeds so as to treat laryngitis. Fruit of the plant is useful for heart pain. | 0.93 | 11 |
| Oleaceae | Olea europaea subsp. cuspidata (Wall. & G.Don) Cif./KUSBT-568 | Shawan | Fruit, leaves | Leaves are antiseptic. The fruit is also used as tonic. | 0.47 | 4 |
| Oleaceae | Olea ferruginea Wall. ex Aitch./KUSBT-569 | Shawan | Fruit, oil | Fruit of the plant is an effective appetizer and useful treating caries of teeth and toothache. Oil of the plant is purgative. The oil is also useful in treating liver disorders and rheumatism. Powder of fruit is taken orally on empty stomach in a dose range manner of one teaspoon for forty five days. This remedy is effective in diabetes. | 0.78 | 8 |
| Oxalidaceae | Oxalis debilis var. corymbosa (DC.) Lourteig/KUSBT-570 | - | Whole plant | Jaundice and dyspepsia are treating by using whole plant. | 0.20 | 2 |
| Oxalidaceae | Oxalis corniculata L./KUSBT-571 | Tarvekai | Whole plant | Children eat the fresh Leaves of the herb and the local people are used the juice to treat diarrhea and stomach problems. Root decoction is used to expel worms. The extracts of the plant powder is used for scorpion sting. | 0.60 | 5 |
| Papilionaceae | Medicago polymorpha L./KUSBT-572 | shapeshthlary | Leaves | Leaves have carminative properties. For the patient of blood pressure, Leaves and young and fresh shoots are very useful. | 0.40 | 3 |
| Papveraceae | Papaver nudicaule L./KUSBT-573 | Jangali afeen | Fruit, leaves | Leaves and fruit of the plant have many properties like narcotic, sedative. Treating the lungs infection and bronchitis. | 0.29 | 4 |
| Plantaginceae | Plantago lanceolata L./KUSBT-574 | Ispaghool | Leaves, seeds | The leaves of the plant have emollient (softening or soothing the skin) and expectorant properties. Leaves are also used as demulcent and astringent. cough and bronchitis are treated by the infusion of the Leaves. a thicken syrup is made up from the Leaves of the plant in order to alleviate the coughing in childern. seed of the plant has laxative properties. the Leaves of the plant are taken in mouth and remain there in order to avoid the toothach. | 0.65 | 11 |
| Poaceae | Cymbopogon jwarancusa (Jones) Schult./KUSBT-575 | Sargarrai | Whole plant | Differnt parts of the plant are used as tonic. Decoction of the plant is useful for the patient suffering from typhoid fever. | 0.27 | 2 |
| Poaceae | Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers./KUSBT-576 | Osha | Whole plant | The grass has laxative properties and also used in asthma. | 0.33 | 3 |
| Pteridaceae | Adiantum capillus-veneris L./KUSBT-577 | - | Aerial parts | Local inhabitants of the area use the fern to cure sore throat, bronchitis and cough. | 0.40 | 3 |
| Punicaceae | Punica granatum L./KUSBT-578 | Nargosa | Bark, fruit | Fruit is a rich source of iron. To overcome the iron deficiency, the fruit of the plant is eaten. For nasal congestion the bark of the plant is used. Epicarp of the fruit is dried and is given to cattle for treating diarrhea. | 0.91 | 5 |
| Ranunculaceae | Ranunculus muricatus L./KUSBT-579 | Chambailee | Aerial parts | Herb is diuretic. It is also used to treat urinary tract infections dysentery and jaundice. It is also useful in treating eczema, ringworm and leprosy. | 0.67 | 6 |
| Rosaceae | Duchesnea indica (Jacks.) Focke/KUSBT-580 | - | Leaves | Local healers use the plant for the treatment of diarrhea and dysentery. Leaves are astringent and used as diuretic. | 0.33 | 3 |
| Rosaceae | Rosa webbiana Wall. ex Royle/KUSBT-581 | Jangali Gulab | Fruit, flowers | Flower are stomachic while for the treatment of asthma the decoction of its is used. | 0.21 | 2 |
| Salicaceae | Salix babylonica L./KUSBT-582 | Wala | Leaves | Leaves are crushed, and water is released from it then this water is used in 2 to 3 drops three time a day to treat ear pain. | 0.13 | 1 |
| Sapotaceae | Sideroxylon mascatense (A.DC.) T.D.Penn./KUSBT-583 | Gurgura | Fruit | Fruit of the plant is used to compensate the Fe deficit. The plant is attractive to honey bees. Fruit is a strong laxative having digestive properties and are also used to treat the urinary tract infections. | 0.53 | 5 |
| Scrophulariaceae | Verbascum thapsus L./KUSBT-584 | Zakhta | Aerial parts | The formation and stimulation of coughing up of phlegm can be minimized by using the leaves and flowers of the plant. It is also emollient and astringent. | 0.47 | 5 |
| Solanaceae | Datura metel L./KUSBT-585 | Tatsai | Flowers, leaves, roots, seeds | The plant parts are effective in fever caused due to catarrh. They are also used to remove the cerebral complications. Diarrhea and skin diseases are also treated with plant parts. | 0.60 | 5 |
| Solanaceae | Datura stramonium L./KUSBT-586 | Tatisai | Fruit, leaves | Fruit and leaves are effective in Parkinson disease, bronchitis and asthma. | 0.47 | 3 |
| Solanaceae | Solanum nigrum L./KUSBT-587 | Tor mrach | Fruit, leaves | Leaves are effective against sore throat, hepatitis, abdominal pain and ear pain. Berries of the plant are diuretic and are useful for piles pain. Bark of the root has laxative properties | 0.67 | 6 |
| Umbelliferae | Coriandrum sativum L./KUSBT-588 | Danya | Aerial parts | Decoction of the fruit is used to relieve colic pain, bleeding piles. Fruit of the herb is stimulant, aphrodisiac, carminative and refrigerant. It also increases gastric juice secretion. Seeds of the herb are famous for increasing appetite. To treat throat infection, the decoction of the plant is used through gargling. | 0.87 | 10 |
| Umbelliferae | Daucus carota L./KUSBT-589 | Gajara | Fruit, leaves, seeds | Seeds are useful in the treatment of kidney problems and uterine pain. Leave are used as vegetables Fruit and seeds are carminative, stimulant, aphrodisiac and refrigerant. | 0.67 | 8 |
| Urticeae | Urtica dioica L./KUSBT-590 | Teet beetai | Aerial parts | Plant is used as tonic, diuretic, anti rheumatic, astringent. | 0.53 | 4 |
| Zygophyllaceae | Fagonia cretica L./KUSBT-591 | Spelaghza | Whole plant | Plant extract is used for the patient suffering from diabetes mellitus, inflammation and scabies. The hakims of the area use the plant extract for gastrointestinal problems and pains. Fresh leaves and twigs of the plant are grinded and juice is made of them. One glass of the juice is taken daily for the treatment of gastrointestinal diseases, expulsion of abdomen worms and blood purification. | 0.80 | 6 |
| Zygophyllaceae | Tribulus terrestris L./KUSBT-592 | Maklenda | Seed | Seeds of the plant are grinded and then 10 g powder is taken which is mixed with 4 g of maize flour. Then this mixture is taken 3 g after every 3 h to expel the kidney stones. | 0.21 | 2 |