Table 2.
Effect of cerebellar rTMS and TBS on primary motor cortex excitability
| Authors | Sample size | Stimulation target(s) | Protocol | Parameters | Sessions | Target muscle | Coil size | Timing of measurements | Findings |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Gerschlager et al. (2002) [29] | 8 HC | Right CRB | 1 Hz rTMS | 500 pulses 40 % MSO Biphasic |
1 | Right and left FDI | CRB: double-cone (110 mm) M1: figure-of-eight (90 mm) |
Pre/Post N1 (0, 5, 10, 15 min), Post N2 (20, 25, 30 min) | CRB and control target: ↑ MEP only in Left FDI |
| 5 HC | Right posterior neck (control) | As above | 1 | As above | Neck: figure-of-eight (90 mm) | As above | |||
| Oliveri et al. (2005) [30] | 10 HC | Left CRB (main experiment) |
1 Hz rTMS | 600 pulses 90 % RMT |
1 | Left FDI | M1 and CRB: figure-of-eight (70 mm) | Pre (3 blocks)/Post 0, 5, 10 min | ↑ MEP, ICF ↔ SICI, CSP |
| 6 HC | Left CRB (time course) |
As above | As above | 1 | As above | As above | Pre (3 blocks)/Post 0, 30, 60 min | ↑ ICF (0–30 min) | |
| 6 HC | Left CRB (ipsilateral hand) |
As above | As above | 1 | Right FDI | As above | Pre/Post 0 min | ↔ ICF | |
| Fierro et al (2007) [31] | 8 HC | Right lateral CRB (main experiment) |
1 Hz rTMS | 900 pulses 90 % RMT (inion) |
1 | Right FDI | M1 and CRB: figure-of-eight (70 mm) | Pre (2 blocks)/Post 0, 10 min | ↔ SICI, MEP ↓ ICF |
| 4 HC | Right posterior neck (control) | As above | As above | 1 | As above | As above | As above | ↔ MEP, SICI, ICF | |
| 4 HC | Right lateral CRB (time course) |
As above | As above | 1 | Right APB | As above | Pre/Post 5, 10, 15, 20 min | ↑ MEP (15–20 min) | |
| 8 HC | Right lateral CRB (time course) |
As above | As above | 1 | Right FDI | As above | Pre/Post 0, 10, 20 min | ↓ ICF (0–20 min) | |
| Langguth et al. (2008) [48] | 10 HC | Medial CRB Right lateral CRB |
1 Hz rTMS | 1000 pulses 120 % RMT |
4 randomized crossover |
Right ADM | M1 and CRB: figure-of-eight (70 mm) | Pre/Post 0 | 1 Hz: ↑ SICI, ICF, ↔ RMT |
| Medial CRB Right lateral CRB |
10 Hz rTMS | 10 Hz: ↔ SICI, ICF, RMT |
|||||||
| Koch et al. (2008) [34] |
10 HC | Left lateral CRB | cTBS | 600 pulses 80 % AMT |
20 subjects randomly assigned to 7 exp. | Left and Right FDI | M1 and CRB: figure-of-eight (90 mm) | Pre/Post 0, 15, 30, 60 min | ↓ MEP, SICI |
| 12 HC | As above | As above | As above | As above | As above | Pre/Post | ↑ LICI; ↔ SICF | ||
| 6 HC | Left cervical root (control) | As above | As above | Right FDI | As above | As above | ↔ MEP, SICI, LICI | ||
| 6 HC | Left lateral CRB | As above | 600 pulses 90 % AMT |
As above | As above | As above | ↓ MEP, SICI; ↑ LICI | ||
| 10 HC | As above | iTBS | 600 pulses 80 % AMT |
As above | As above | Pre/Post 0, 15, 30, 60 min | ↑ MEP, LICI; ↓ICF | ||
| 10 HC | As above | As above | As above | As above | As above | Pre/Post | ↓ LICI, ↔ SICF | ||
| Koch et al. (2009) [48] |
10 PD with LID | Left lateral CRB | cTBS | 600 pulses 80 % AMT |
2 pseudo-randomized |
Left FDI | CRB: figure-of-eight (70 mm) | Pre/Post | Active (vs sham): ↓ SICI; ↑ LICI |
| Sham | 600 pulses 40 % AMT |
||||||||
| Popa et al. (2010) [32] | 10 HC | Right CRB | 1 Hz rTMS | 900 pulses 90 % Adj.RMT |
5 Randomized crossover |
Right FDI Right ADM |
CRB: double-cone (110 mm) M1: figure-of-eight (90 mm) |
Pre/Post 1–10 min, Post 10–20 min | Right CRB (FDI + ADM); ↓CBI ↔ MEP ↔ CBI, MEP |
| 6 HC | Right cervical root (control) | As above | As above | As above | As above | As above | Cervical roots (FDI, ADM): ↔ CBI, MEP | ||
| 6 HC | Left CRB | As above | As above | As above | As above | As above | Left CRB: ↓CBI (FDI, 10 min only) ↔ MEP (FDI, ADM) |
||
| 10 HC | Right CRB | cTBS iTBS |
600 pulses 80 % Adj.AMT |
As above | As above | As above | cTBS: ↓ CBI (FDI) ↔ MEP iTBS: ↔ CBI, MEP |
||
| Carrillo et al. (2013) [36] | 16 HC | Right CRB | cTBS | 600 pulses 80 % AMT |
1 | Right FDI | M1 and CRB: figure-of-eight (70 mm) | Pre/Post 0, 20, 40 min | HC: ↓ MEP, SICI |
| 13 PD | 2 (On vs Off) | PD: ↔ MEP, SICI | |||||||
| Di Lorenzo et al. (2013) [40] | 12 HC | Right lateral CRB | cTBS | 600 pulses 80 % AMT |
1 | Right FDI | M1 and CRB: figure-of-eight (70 mm) | Pre/Post | HC: ↔ MEP, SICI, ICF, SLAI |
| 12 AD | AD: ↔ MEP, SICI, ICF; ↑ SLAI |
||||||||
| 8 HC | Right lateral CRB | As above | As above | 1 | As above | As above | As above | ↔ SAIRC | |
| 8 HC | Right OC (control) | As above | As above | 1 | As above | As above | As above | ↔ MEP, SICI, ICF, SLAI | |
| Popa et al. (2013) [50] | 14 HC | Right lateral CRB (Lobule VIII) | iTBSCB → PAS25
cTBSCB → PAS25 iTBSCB → iTBSM1 |
600 pulses 80 % AMT |
3, pseudo-randomized | Right APB Right ADM |
M1 and CRB: figure-of-eight (70 mm) | Pre/Post 0, 5, 10, 15, 25, 45 min | ↓ PAS25 (APB only) ↑ PAS25 (APB and ADM) ↔ iTBSM1 |
| 9 HC | As above | cTBSCB → iTBSM1 | As above | 1 | As above | As above | As above | ↔ iTBSM1 | |
| Hubsch et al. (2013) [49] | 25 HC | Lobule VIII CRB | cTBSCB → PAS25
iTBSCB → PAS25 ShamCB → PAS25 |
600 pulses 80 % AMT |
3 randomized |
Right APB Right ADM |
M1 and CRB: figure-of-eight (70 mm) | Pre/Post 10, 15. 20, 25, 30 min | HC: cTBS: ↑ PAS25 iTBS: ↓ PAS25 All conditions : ↔ SICI, ICF, LICI, SAI, LAI |
| 21 WD | WD: cTBSCB: ↔ PAS25 iTBSCB: ↔ PAS25 All conditions : ↔ SICI, ICF, LICI, SAI, LAI |
||||||||
| Kishore et al. (2014) [51] | 16 PD with LIDs | CRB ipsi to affected side (Lobule VIII) | cTBSCB → PAS25
ShamCB → PAS25 |
600 pulses 80 % AMT |
2 randomized |
Contra. APB | M1 and CRB: figure-of-eight (70 mm) | Pre/Post 5, 15, 30 min | ↑ PAS25
↔ RMT, SICI, LICI, SAI, LAI |
| 16 HC | Right lateral CRB | As above | As above | 2 randomized |
Right APB | As above | As above | ↔ PAS25 | |
| 7 PD with LIDs | CRB ipsi to affected side (Lobule VIII) | cTBSCB → iTBSM1
ShamCB → iTBSM1 |
2 randomized |
Contra. APB | As above | As above | ↔ iTBSM1 | ||
| 20 PD with LIDs | Bilateral CRB (Lobule VIII) | cTBSCB → iTBSM1
ShamCB → iTBSM1 |
600 pulses 80 % AMT |
10 (2 weeks) randomized groups |
Right APB | As above | Pre/week 2, 4, 8 post | ↑ PAS25 (week 2) | |
| Bonnì et al. (2014) [58] |
6 PCS | Damaged lateral CRB | iTBS | 600 pulses 80 % AMT |
10 (2 weeks) | Right FDI | M1 and CRB: figure-of-eight (70 mm) | Pre/Post | ↓ CBI; ↑ ICF; ↔ SICI |
| Brusa et al. (2014) [59] |
10 PSP | Left and right lateral CRB (2 min pause in between) | iTBS | 600 pulses 80 % AMT |
10 (2 weeks) | Right FDI | M1 and CRB: figure-of-eight (70 mm) | Pre/Post 2-week intervention (no further information) | ↑CBI; ↔ MEP, SICI, ICF, SAI |
| Koch et al. (2014) [57] |
10 CD | Bilateral CRB | cTBS | 600 pulses 80 % AMT |
10 (2 weeks) | Right FDI Right APB |
M1 and CRB: figure-of-eight (70 mm) | Pre (Friday before the start of the 2-weeks treatment) Post (Monday after the end of the 2-weeks treatment) |
Active (vs. sham): ↓ CBI; ↔ ICF, SICI, CSP ↑ PAS topographic specificity ↓ symptoms |
| 10 CD | Sham (coil angled 90°) | As above | 600 pulses 40 % AMT |
As above | As above | As above | As above | ||
| Li Voti et al. (2014) [35] | 12 HC | Right lateral CRB | cTBS | 600 pulses 80 % AMT |
1 | Right FDI | M1 and CRB: figure-of-eight (70 mm) | Pre/Post 15, 30, 60 min | ↓ MEP |
| Di Biasio et al. (2014) [33] |
10 HC 15 PD OFF |
Ipsi. Damaged CRB Sham (neck muscles) |
cTBS | 600 pulses 80 % AMT |
2 randomized | Contra. FDI | M1 and CRB: figure-of-eight (90 mm) | Pre/Post 5, 25 min | HC and PD: ↓ MEP ↓ symptoms |
| Bologna et al. (2015) [38] | 11 HC 16 ET |
Right CRB Sham (neck muscles) |
cTBS | 600 pulses 80 % AMT |
2 randomized | Right FDI | M1 and CRB: figure-of-eight | Pre/Post 5, 45 min | HC: ↓ MEPRC
ET: ↔ MEPRC ↔ symptoms |
| Bologna et al. (2015) [37] | 10 HC 13 RT |
Ipsi. CRB to tremor hand Sham (neck muscles) |
cTBS | 600 pulses 80 % AMT |
2 randomized | FDI (tremor hand) | M1 and CRB: figure-of-eight | Pre/Post 5, 45 min | HC and RT: ↓ MEPRC
↔ symptoms |
| Harrington et al. (2015) [39] | 13 HC | Right CRB | cTBS iTBS Sham TBS |
600 pulses 80 % AMT (6 subjects) 90 % AMT (7 subjects) |
3 randomized crossover |
Right FDI | M1 and CRB: figure-of-eight | Pre/Post | cTBS: ↓ MEP |
AD Alzheimer’s disease, AMT active motor threshold, APB abductor pollicis brevis, CBI cerebellar brain inhibition, CBI RC cerebellar brain inhibition recruitment curve, CRB cerebellum, Contra contralateral, CSP cortical silent period, ET essential tremor, FDI first dorsal interosseous, HC healthy controls, ICF intracortical facilitation, Isps ipsilateral, LICI long interval intracortical inhibition, M1 primary motor cortex, MEP motor evoked potential, MEP RC motor evoked potential recruitment curve, MSO maximal stimulator output, PAS paired-associative stimulation, PCS posterior circulation stroke, PD Parkinson’s disease, PSP progressive supranuclear palsy, SAI short latency afferent inhibition, SAI RC short latency afferent inhibition recruitment curve, SICI short interval intracortical inhibition, SICF short interval intracortical facilitation, WD writing dystonia