Sex differences in (A) exposed and (B) total surface area, (C) cortical thickness, (D) gyrification index, and (E) scaling behavior. The subjects are selected from a narrow adult age range (22–25 years old in the HCP dataset) to exclude interaction effects with age. P values are from a two-tailed t test, and d represents effect size measured by Cohen’s D (Materials and Methods). SI Appendix, Text S2 also repeats this analysis for other age groups and datasets. F, female; M, male.