Fig. 4.

Effects of the piRNA pathway in behavior. (A) Mili mutants exhibited hyperactivity. Locomotory activity and exploratory behavior were, respectively, assessed by monitoring number of beam-breaks inside the chamber (ambulation) and by total distance traveled. (B) Mili mutant males displayed a reduced anxiety-like behavior. Time spent in the open arm of an elevated maze for 5 min was assessed separately for male and female mice. Average ± SEM; unpaired two-tailed t tests; *P < 0.05 and **P < 0.01. n ≥ 9 per group.