Table 1.
Characteristics of the Study Population According to Therapy (Double and Triple): OUTPUL Study 2006‐2009
| Long‐Acting β2 Agonists and Inhaled Corticosteroidsa (n = 3896) | Long‐Acting β2 Agonists and Inhaled Corticosteroidsa Plus Tiotropium (n = 1821) | P‐Value | Adjusted P‐Valueb | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Residence (region) | ||||
| Lazio | 26.3 | 29.2 | 0.077 | 0.930 |
| Emilia Romagna | 29.1 | 19.2 | ||
| Lombardia | 44.6 | 51.6 | ||
| Age (years) | ||||
| 45‐54 | 5.1 | 5.5 | <.001 | .748 |
| 55‐64 | 13.2 | 17.5 | ||
| 65‐74 | 26.3 | 31.1 | ||
| 75‐84 | 37.6 | 33.8 | ||
| 85+ | 17.8 | 12.0 | ||
| Sex | ||||
| Male | 54.3 | 61.1 | <.001 | .725 |
| Female | 45.7 | 38.9 | ||
| Proxy of COPD severity (previous 12 months) | ||||
| Previous COPD hospitalization | 7.8 | 7.7 | .880 | .588 |
| Concomitant use of oral corticosteroids and antibiotics | 10.5 | 8.5 | .018 | .100 |
| Diagnosis of respiratory failure | 42.1 | 51.9 | <.001 | .506 |
| Invasive respiratory procedures | 2.9 | 2.9 | .925 | .340 |
| Staying in intensive care unit during a COPD hospitalization | 3.0 | 3.6 | .235 | .737 |
| Oxygen therapy (gas) | 5.3 | 4.3 | .135 | .151 |
| Concomitant respiratory diseases (previous 24 months) | ||||
| Asthma | 1.8 | 1.3 | .166 | .153 |
| Chronic respiratory disease other than COPD | 3.4 | 3.3 | .901 | .588 |
| Pulmonary infections | 11.3 | 12.3 | .281 | .446 |
| Acute pulmonary symptoms | 3.4 | 3.2 | .654 | .614 |
| Apnea | 2.1 | 2.9 | .061 | .545 |
| Comorbidities (previous 24 months) | ||||
| Diabetes | 17.4 | 18.9 | .143 | .113 |
| Hypertension | 39.8 | 39.2 | .637 | .150 |
| Ischemic heart disease | 17.0 | 14.8 | .035 | .321 |
| Heart failure/pulmonary heart disease | 18.2 | 18.2 | .994 | .701 |
| Other chronic heart diseases | 10.0 | 8.4 | .057 | .090 |
| Arrythmia | 15.6 | 13.8 | .081 | .927 |
| Cerebrovascular diseases | 11.3 | 9.2 | .015 | .288 |
| Peripheral vascular diseases | 5.7 | 5.4 | .574 | .650 |
| Obesity, dyslipidemia | 9.4 | 11.8 | .005 | .714 |
| Liver disease | 4.3 | 3.7 | .349 | .950 |
| Other chronic digestive disease | 1.3 | 1.5 | .598 | .678 |
| Chronic renal diseases | 7.9 | 7.4 | .471 | .934 |
| Neurological and muscle disease | 2.8 | 2.5 | .556 | .874 |
| Anemia and coagulation disorders | 4.7 | 3.4 | .028 | .161 |
| Thyroid disease | 5.3 | 4.8 | .421 | .748 |
| Depression | 3.2 | 2.1 | .032 | .149 |
| Psychiatric disease | 4.4 | 2.3 | <.001 | .457 |
| Peptic ulcer/esophageal reflux | 1.4 | 1.2 | .638 | .410 |
| Rheumatologic/diffuse disease of connective tissue | 1.2 | 0.5 | .023 | .078 |
| Prescriptions of respiratory drugs (previous 6 months) | ||||
| Short‐acting β2 agonists | 7.7 | 6.3 | .065 | .118 |
| Short‐acting anticholinergics | 3.3 | 2.6 | .125 | .236 |
| Xanthines | 13.6 | 10.9 | .004 | .889 |
| Prescriptions of nonrespiratory drugs (previous 6 months) | ||||
| Cardiac therapies | 27.5 | 22.6 | <.001 | .247 |
| Antidiabetic drugs | 16.6 | 16.6 | .995 | .802 |
| Antiplatelets | 37.4 | 32.2 | <.001 | .856 |
| Antihypertensives | 71.1 | 64.6 | <.001 | .784 |
| Statins | 15.6 | 16.9 | .218 | .128 |
a
Fixed combination.
b
Adjusted for the quintiles of the propensity score.