Table 3.

Selected publications on monitoring of CMV-specific T cell responses after HSCT.

Reference	Key information
Altman et al. (146)	First use of MHC tetramers to enumerate and characterize antigen-specific T cells
Cwynarski et al. (113)	Protection from CMV reactivation with ≥10 CMV–CTL cells/μL blood
Gratama et al. (142)	(1)Failure to recover HLA-A*02-NLV–CMV–CTLs is associated with the development of CMV disease (2)Number of HLA-A*02-NLV–CMV–CTLs in the grafts administered to CMV-seropositive HSCT recipients is inversely correlated with the number of recurrent CMV infections
Aubert et al. (147)	Less than 20 cells/μL of HLA-A*02 CMV–CTLs predicted episodes of viral replication
Chen et al. (148)	More than 10–20 cells/μL CMV–CTLs conferred protection against CMV reactivation
Özdemir et al. (107)	Inability to control CMV reactivation is caused by impaired function of CMV–CTLs rather than an inability to recover sufficient numbers of CMV-specific T cells
Lacey et al. (149)	CMV-specific cellular immune responses restricted by HLA-B*07 dominated those restricted by HLA-A*02
Akiyama et al. (150)	Frequency of HLA-A*24 CMVpp65 tetramer-positive staining correlated with cytotoxicity and IFN-γ production
Bunde et al. (151)	High frequencies of IFN-γ producing IE-1, but not pp65-specific CD8+ T cells, correlated with protection from CMV disease
Lilleri et al. (152)	Levels of CD4+ T cells below 1 cell/μL and of CD8+ T cells less than 3 cells/μL did not protect against recurrent CMV infection
Gratama et al. (153)	(1)CMV–CTLs provided protection against recurrent CMV reactivations (2)CMV disease appeared to be prevented by the IE-1-specific subset rather than the pp65-specific CD8+ T cell subset
Koehl et al. (154)	(1)Numbers of CMV–CTLs differ significantly depending on the HLA type (2)Number of CMV–CTLs below 10 cells/μL does not correlate with susceptibility for CMV reactivation
Giest et al. (155)	HLA-A*24/pp65- and HLA-B*35/pp65-CTLs correlated with protection from CMV reactivation at significantly lower cell levels than HLA-A*01/pp50- and HLA-A*02/pp65-CTLs
Gratama, et al. (156)	Less than 7 cells/μL of CMV–CTLs during the first 65 days after transplantation was a significant risk factor for CMV-related complications
Borchers et al. (134)	(1)Presence of CMV–CTLs before day +50 and their expansion after reactivation protected against recurrent CMV reactivations (2)CMV–CTL reconstitution was delayed in the CMV R+D− group
Lilleri et al. (157)	Combination of CMV–CTL monitoring and viral monitoring can be used to direct preemptive treatment with antiviral drugs
Borchers et al. (136)	(1)1 cell/μL of CMV–CTLs between days +50 and +75 marked the beginning of immune response against CMV in the CMV R+D+ group (2)Expansion of CMV (3)Sequential monitoring of CMV

Reused from Ref. (137) by permission from Elsevier, License Number 3922460449459.

MHC, major histocompatibility complex; CMV–CTL, cytomegalovirus cytotoxic T lymphocytes; HLA, human leukocyte antigen; IFNγ, interferon gamma; IE-1, immediate early-1.