Table 1.
Effects of sex (male vs. female) and exercise (wheel vs. no wheel) on body composition. Measures were taken beginning at approximately one year of age and extended over the course of the following year
| Trait | N | Sex | Wheel access | Interaction |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| ~Year 1 | ||||
| Body mass (g) | 59 |
F
1, 55 = 199.689 P < 0.001 |
F
1, 55 = 2.127 P = 0.150 |
F 1, 55 = 0.094 P = 0.760 |
| % Fat | 59 |
F
1, 55 = 3.092 P = 0.084 |
F
1, 55 = 0.767 P = 0.385 |
F
1, 55 = 0.749 P = 0.390 |
| % Lean | 59 |
F
1, 55 = 2.174 P = 0.146 |
F
1, 55 = 1.400 P = 0.242 |
F
1, 55 = 1.349 P = 0.250 |
| ~Year 1.1 | ||||
| Body mass (g) | 56 |
F
1, 52 = 213.576 P < 0.001 |
F
1, 52 = 20.102 P < 0.001 |
F
1, 52 = 2.911 P = 0.094 |
| % Fat | 56 |
F
1, 52 = 25.098 P < 0.001 |
F
1, 52 = 33.781 P < 0.001 |
F
1, 52 = 5.575 P = 0.022 |
| % Lean | 56 |
F
1, 52 = 22.356 P < 0.001 |
F
1, 52 = 30.530 P < 0.001 |
F
1, 52 = 2.750 P = 0.103 |
| % Change in Mass | 55 |
F
1, 51 = 7.896 P = 0.007 |
F
1, 51 = 25.754 P < 0.001 |
F
1, 51 = 1.769 P = 0.189 |
| % Change in % Fat | 55 |
F
1, 51 = 10.332 P = 0.002 |
F
1, 51 = 32.134 P < 0.001 |
F
1, 51 = 1.313 P = 0.257 |
| % Change in % Lean | 55 |
F
1, 51 = 18.918 P < 0.001 |
F
1, 51 = 24.674 P < 0.001 |
F
1, 51 = 1.840 P = 0.181 |
| ~Year 1.4 | ||||
| Body mass (g) | 54 |
F
1, 50 = 97.594 P < 0.001 |
F
1, 50 = 38.151 P < 0.001 |
F
1, 50 = 0.040 P = 0.842 |
| % Fat | 54 |
F
1, 50 = 6.494 P = 0.014 |
F
1, 50 = 51.438 P < 0.001 |
F
1, 50 = 0.053 P = 0.818 |
| % Lean | 54 |
F
1, 50 = 4.942 P = 0.031 |
F
1, 50 = 50.711 P < 0.001 |
F
1, 50 = 0.042 P = 0.839 |
| % Change in Mass | 53 |
F
1, 49 = 7.414 P = 0.009 |
F
1, 49 = 37.680 P < 0.001 |
F
1, 49 = 16.525 P < 0.001 |
| % Change in % Fat | 53 |
F
1, 49 = 4.128 P = 0.048 |
F
1, 49 = 2.212 P = 0.143 |
F
1, 49 = 8.603 P = 0.005 |
| % Change in % Lean | 53 |
F
1, 49 = 5.763 P = 0.020 |
F
1, 49 = 40.322 P < 0.001 |
F
1, 49 = 0.410 P = 0.525 |
| ~Year 1.5 | ||||
| Body mass (g) | 53 |
F
1, 49 = 80.383 P < 0.001 |
F
1, 49 = 42.233 P < 0.001 |
F
1, 49 = 0.073 P = 0.789 |
| % Fat | 53 |
F
1, 49 = 4.164 P = 0.047 |
F
1, 49 = 74.067 P < 0.001 |
F
1, 49 = 0.771 P = 0.384 |
| % Lean | 53 |
F
1, 49 = 2.503 P = 0.120 |
F
1, 49 = 71.116 P < 0.001 |
F
1, 49 = 0.313 P = 0.578 |
| % Change in Mass | 52 |
F
1, 48 = 0.226 P = 0.637 |
F
1, 48 = 2.763 P = 0.103 |
F
1, 48 = 0.449 P = 0.506 |
| % Change in % Fat | 52 |
F
1, 48 = 0.135 P = 0.715 |
F
1, 48 = 0.060 P = 0.807 |
F
1, 48 = 0.178 P = 0.675 |
| % Change in % Lean | 52 |
F
1, 48 = 2.975 P = 0.091 |
F
1, 48 = 60.021 P < 0.001 |
F
1, 48 = 0.258 P = 0.614 |
| ~Year 1.6 | ||||
| Body mass (g) | 53 |
F
1, 49 = 55.311 P < 0.001 |
F
1, 49 = 40.734 P < 0.001 |
F
1, 49 = 0.417 P = 0.521 |
| % Fat | 53 |
F
1, 49 = 0.502 P = 0.482 |
F
1, 49 = 51.737 P < 0.001 |
F1, 49 = 0.199 P = 0.657 |
| % Lean | 53 |
F
1, 49 = 0.091 P = 0.764 |
F
1, 49 = 44.899 P < 0.001 |
F
1, 49 = 0.277 P = 0.601 |
| % Change in mass | 53 |
F
1, 49 = 6.902 P = 0.011 |
F
1, 49 = 0.539 P = 0.466 |
F
1, 49 = 6.539 P = 0.014 |
| % Change in % Fat | 53 |
F
1, 49 = 8.162 P = 0.006 |
F
1, 49 = 0.383 P = 0.539 |
F
1, 49 = 11.721 P = 0.001 |
| % Change in % Lean | 53 |
F
1, 49 = 0.696 P = 0.408 |
F
1, 49 = 45.924 P < 0.001 |
F
1, 49 = 0.023 P = 0.880 |
| ~Year 1.8 | ||||
| Body mass (g) | 51 |
F
1, 47 = 31.317 P < 0.001 |
F
1, 47 = 27.705 P < 0.001 |
F
1, 47 = 0.029 P = 0.866 |
| % Fat | 51 |
F
1, 47 = 3.458 P = 0.069 |
F
1, 47 = 51.524 P < 0.001 |
F
1, 47 = 0.442 P = 0.509 |
| % Lean | 51 |
F
1, 47 = 3.438 P = 0.070 |
F
1, 47 = 43.578 P < 0.001 |
F
1, 47 = 0.026 P = 0.873 |
| % Change in Mass | 51 |
F
1, 47 = 2.240 P = 0.141 |
F
1, 47 = 7.599 P = 0.008 |
F
1, 47 = 0.704 P = 0.406 |
| % Change in % Fat | 51 |
F
1, 47 = 13.176 P = 0.001 |
F
1, 47 = 1.476 P = 0.231 |
F
1, 47 = 1.226 P = 0.274 |
| % Change in % Lean | 51 |
F
1, 47 = 1.306 P = 0.259 |
F
1, 47 = 53.151 P < 0.001 |
F
1, 47 = 0.162 P = 0.689 |
| ~Year 2 | ||||
| Body mass (g) | 49 |
F
1, 45 = 8.647 P = 0.005 |
F
1, 45 = 16.183 P < 0.001 |
F
1, 45 = 1.515 P = 0.225 |
| % Fat | 49 |
F
1, 45 = 11.882 P = 0.001 |
F
1, 45 = 31.040 P < 0.001 |
F
1, 45 = 2.794 P = 0.225 |
| % Lean | 49 |
F
1, 45 = 13.721 P = 0.001 |
F
1, 45 = 25.857 P < 0.001 |
F
1, 45 = 2.409 P = 0.128 |
| % Change in Mass | 49 |
F
1, 45 = 18.171 P < 0.001 |
F
1, 45 = 0.512 P = 0.478 |
F
1, 45 = 12.510 P = 0.001 |
| % Change in % Fat | 49 |
F
1, 45 = 17.647 P < 0.001 |
F
1, 45 = 0.225 P = 0.638 |
F
1, 45 = 0.216 P = 0.644 |
| % Change in % Lean | 49 |
F
1, 45 = 10.069 P = 0.003 |
F
1, 45 = 35.749 P < 0.001 |
F
1, 45 = 3.765 P = 0.059 |
Statistical significance was judged at P < 0.05 (in bold), and all P‐values presented are two‐tailed.