Table 1.
Clinical characteristics at baseline and after 12 weeks for the exercise and energy restriction (diet) interventionsa
| Exercise | Diet | Exercise, control | Control | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Baseline | 12 weeks | Baseline | 12 weeks | Baseline | 12 weeks | Baseline | 12 weeks | |
| Sex (m/f) | 11/0 | 3/4 | 13/0 | 3/2 | ||||
| Age (years) | 53 ± 1.7 | 59 ± 1.3 | 50 ± 2.1 | 57 ± 2.7 | ||||
| GIR (mg/kg/min)e | 4.2 ± 1.8 | 5.4 ± 1.8f | n.a. | n.a. | 7.6 ± 1.6 | 10.4 ± 2.6f | n.a. | n.a. |
| Weight (kg) | 92.9 ± 9.0 | 91.6 ± 9.1 | 91.9 ± 17.8 | 87.3 ± 17.4f | 78.5 ± 2.3 | 78.3 ± 2.3 | 84.7 ± 4.8 | 84.5 ± 4.9 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 28.9 ± 2.5 | 28.6 ± 2.4 | 30.8 ± 3.1 | 29.2 ± 3.0f | 23.5 ± 2.0 | 23.5 ± 1.8 | 29.1 ± 2.0 | 29.1 ± 2.0 |
| Waist‐hip‐ratiob | 1.0 ± 0.1 | 1.0 ± 0.0 | 0.9 ± 0.1 | 0.9 ± 0.1 | 0.9 ± 0.0 | 0.9 ± 0.0 | 0.9 ± 0.1 | 0.9 ± 0.1 |
| Fasting glucose (mmol/L)d | 5.8 ± 0.4 | 5.9 ± 0.2 | 5.0 ± 0.6 | 4.9 ± 0.6 | 5.4 ± 0.1 | 5.5 ± 0.1 | 4.6 ± 0.3 | 4.8 ± 0.3 |
| Systolic blood pressure (mmHg)c , d | 123.0 ± 4.6 | 129.0 ± 4.2 | 124.0 ± 9.0 | 116.0 ± 9.9 | 117.7 ± 2.9 | 121.8 ± 2.5 | 127.6 ± 4.4 | 122.2 ± 4.7 |
| Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg)c , d | 75.4 ± 10.2 | 77.0 ± 6.4 | 77.6 ± 8.8 | 64.3 ± 7.7f | 71.4 ± 1.8 | 74.0 ± 1.7 | 78.4 ± 1.9 | 82.0 ± 5.1 |
| Creatinine (μmol/L) | 80.1 ± 7.3 | 80.5 ± 9.2 | 74.7 ± 21.3 | 84.3 ± 13.3 | 81.6 ± 2.5 | 80.2 ± 1.8 | 81.8 ± 5.0 | 63.8 ± 3.7 |
| ASAT (U/L) | 24.6 ± 16.5 | 18.2 ± 7.2 | 21.3 ± 3.8 | 25.1 ± 5.8 | 18.2 ± 1.8 | 18.5 ± 1.4 | 29.2 ± 3.5 | 25.4 ± 2.4 |
| Total cholesterol (mg/dL) | 5.6 ± 0.5 | 5.8 ± 0.7 | 5.6 ± 1.2 | 4.9 ± 1.3f | 5.1 ± 0.2 | 4.9 ± 0.1 | 4.9 ± 0.3 | 5.1 ± 0.3 |
| HDL‐cholesterol (mg/dL) | 1.3 ± 0.2 | 1.4 ± 0.3 | 1.5 ± 0.3 | 1.6 ± 0.2 | 1.4 ± 0.1 | 1.4 ± 0.1 | 1.7 ± 0.1 | 1.7 ± 0.1 |
| LDL‐cholesterol (mg/dL) | 3.6 ± 0.4 | 3.6 ± 0.6 | 3.4 ± 1.1 | 2.6 ± 1.2f | 3.0 ± 0.2 | 2.9 ± 0.1 | 2.7 ± 0.3 | 2.6 ± 0.4 |
| FFA (10 × mmol/L) | 2.2 ± 0.3 | 2.3 ± 0.2 | 4.0 ± 0.6 | 5.4 ± 0.9 | 2.5 ± 0.4 | 1.7 ± 0.1f | 3.2 ± 0.0 | 2.8 ± 0.0 |
| Leptin (ng/mL)d | 16.3 ± 6.6 | 13.5 ± 6.2f | 16.9 ± 3.2 | 10.1 ± 3.8f | 7.9 ± 0.5 | 7.2 ± 0.5f | 13.2 ± 3.5 | 13.2 ± 3.9 |
| IL6 (pg/mL) | 2.3 ± 2.9 | 1.6 ± 1.8 | 1.8 ± 1.2 | 1.8 ± 2.3 | 0.8 ± 0.1 | 0.8 ± 0.2 | 0.8 ± 0.8 | 0.9 ± 0.6 |
| CRP (mg/dL) | 3.2 ± 3.5 | 2.2 ± 2.6 | 6.6 ± 10.4 | 3.6 ± .3.0 | 1.0 ± 0.2 | 1.3 ± 0.4 | 1.2 ± 0.8 | 0.5 ± 0.2 |
n.a., not available.
a
IL, interleukin; CRP, high sensitivity C‐reactive protein; data represent mean ± SD.
b
n = 9 in the exercise group.
c
n = 8 in the exercise group.
d
n = 6 in the diet group.
e
GIR; glucose infusion rate measured using the euglycemic hyperinsulinemic clamp.
f
P < 0.05 versus baseline.