Table 4.
Enrichment analysis of pathways altered in adipose tissue after exercise and energy restriction (diet)a
| Exercise | Diet | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Up/down | P‐value | Up/down | P‐value | |
| Immune‐related pathways | ||||
| Chemokine signaling pathway | −5.1 | 2.4E‐07 | 1.7 | 6.0E‐06 |
| Osteoclast differentiation | −5.4 | 7.5E‐08 | 2.1 | 2.7E‐08 |
| Complement and coagulation cascades | −3.3 | 6.3E‐04 | 1.3 | 4.5E‐03 |
| Toll‐like receptor signaling pathway | −3.8 | 1.0E‐04 | 1.9 | 3.0E‐03 |
| NOD‐like receptor signaling pathway | −2.5 | 7.4E‐03 | 1.0 | 6.4E‐03 |
| Jak‐STAT signaling pathway | −2.3 | 1.1E‐02 | 1.2 | 9.2E‐03 |
| Hematopoietic cell lineage | −4.1 | 2.7E‐05 | 2.7 | 2.1E‐12 |
| Natural killer cell mediated cytotoxicity | −5.4 | 8.3E‐08 | 2.6 | 6.5E‐12 |
| T‐cell receptor signaling pathway | −3.4 | 3.8E‐04 | 1.9 | 3.1E‐07 |
| B‐cell receptor signaling pathway | −4.1 | 3.2E‐05 | 1.3 | 2.7E‐04 |
| Leukocyte transendothelial migration | −4.7 | 1.8E‐06 | 1.3 | 2.1E‐04 |
| Energy‐related pathways | ||||
| Glycolysis/gluconeogenesis | 0.5 | 0.040 | −8.4 | 0.014 |
| Citrate cycle (TCA cycle) | 0.9 | 0.002 | −1.6 | 3.7E‐05 |
| Fatty acid metabolism | 0.9 | 0.002 | −0.9 | 7.0E‐03 |
| Alanine, aspartate and glutamate metabolism | 0.5 | 0.047 | −0.8 | 0.019 |
| Pyruvate metabolism | 0.7 | 0.013 | −1.1 | 0.004 |
| Peroxisome | 0.6 | 0.031 | −1.2 | 9.2E‐04 |
| Insulin signaling pathway | 0.7 | 0.011 | −0.8 | 0.014 |
a
Pathways are listed by Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes database (KEGG, R database v.2.14.0) nomenclature for homo sapiens. Enrichment analyses were performed using the R package GAGE v.2.14.4, which is applicable independent of microarray or RNA sequencing data attributes including sample sizes, experimental designs, assay platforms, and other types of heterogeneity. The table depicts pathways enriched with a significance value of P < 0.05 after exercise or energy restriction. “Up/down” represents the GAGE estimate of a pathway being up (positive) or down (negative) regulated.