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. 2016 Nov 15;4(21):e13020. doi: 10.14814/phy2.13020

Figure 6.

Figure 6

A. alternata extract‐mediated fibroblast cell death is not due to ATP‐dependent apoptosis. (A) Control and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) fibroblasts (n = 3, each) were treated with 400 μg/mL of A. alternata extract (lot no. 276920) for 30 min. ATP levels represent the mean ± SEM as a percentage relative to their respective nontreatment groups, set at 100%. (***) indicates statistical significance at P < 0.001. (B) Control and IPF fibroblasts (n = 3, each) preincubated with sodium pyruvate for 3 h were treated with 400 μg/mL of A. alternata extract (lot no. 276920) for an additional 30 min, and intracellular ATP levels were measured. Values are the mean ±  SEM expressed as a percentage relative to nontreatment groups set at 100%. (***) indicates statistical significance at P < 0.001. (C) Control and IPF fibroblasts (n = 3, each) preincubated with sodium pyruvate for 3 h were stimulated with 400 μg/mL of A. alternata extract (lot no. 276920) for an additional 7 h. After the incubation, the cell viability was measured. Values represent the mean ± SEM as a percentage compared to their respective nontreatment groups, set at 100%. Same control fibroblasts showing low cell viability after A. alternata extract treatment and IPF fibroblasts that are resistant to A. alternata extract shown in Figure 2B–E were used for these experiments. Fibroblast viability in the absence of A. alternata extract was measured under the same condition as a control (Nontreatment).