Figure 3.

Maternal behaviors of females housed in SNH or SH raising offspring of mates that were exposed to either PO or CO. A, Frequency of various maternal behaviors [PC, passive contact (with pups); ABN1, arched-back nursing 1 (blanket posture); 2, arched-back nursing 2; 3, arched-back nursing 3; 4, arched back nursing 4; NB, nest building; SG, self-groom (auto-groom); PR, pup retrieval] displayed by females housed in SH and SNH, collapsed across paternal condition. The inset shows schematics of the housing conditions; the SNH includes a lower burrow compartment (contained within a drawer that moves out to facilitate cleaning) and an upper section (containing food and water), with the two sections being connected by a hole (visible in the upper section). B, The frequency of LG-ABN2 behaviors was significantly increased in dams raising offspring in SNH relative to those housed in SH, but only if offspring were from PO exposed males. C, The frequency of LG-ABN3 behavior was increased in dams living in SNH relative to SH, regardless of paternal experience. D, Living in SNH reduced pup mortality relative to living in SH. Data are expressed as the mean ± SEM. *p ≤ 0.05, SNH different from SH; **p ≤ 0.005, SNH different from SH.